119. The rules previously given (§ 116) apply to denominative nouns; the exceptions are few. Note
Il. 18.222 ὄπα χάλκεον (χαλκέην Zenod.)
Il. 19.88 ἄγριον ἄτην[fn]The passage is probably corrupt, since it appears that the Homeric form of ἄτη is the uncontracted ἀάτη, ἀϝάτη)[/fn]
Il. 20.299 (= Od. 5.410) ἁλὸς πολιοῖο
Od. 3.82 πρῆξις . . . δήμιος
Od. 4.442 ὀλοώτατος ὀδμή
Od. 23.233 ἀσπάσιος γῆ (al. ἀσπασίως).
The origin of the masculine patronymics in -δη-ς may be explained in the same way as the Nouns of the Agent in -τη-s (§ 116.2). We may suppose them to be derived from a group of collective nouns in -δη: e.g. Ἀτρεΐδη meaning the family of Atreus, Ἀτρεΐδη-ς would mean one of the Ἀτρεΐδη [fn]It may be conjectured that the epithets in -ιωw, such as Κρονίων, Ὑπερίων, Οὐρανίωνες, are derived from collectives in -ωv (§ 116.6) Thus from οὐρανίων (singular feminine) the heavenly powers we might have οὐρανίωνες heavenly ones, and finally οὐρανίαων as a singular masculine Cp. φυγάς originally "a body of exiles", then φυγάδες "exiles", then φυγάς "an exile". So in French, first la gent "people" then les gens, finally un gens-d'armes.[/fn]