222. Conjunctions, like prepositions (cf. § 219), are closely related to adverbs, and are either petrified cases of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, or obscured phrases.
quod [an old accusative]
dum [probably an old accusative (cf. tum, cum)]
vērō [an old neuter ablative of vērus]
nihilōminus none the less
proinde [lit.] forward from there
Most conjunctions are connected with pronominal adverbs, which cannot always be referred to their original case forms.
223. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or sentences. They are of two classes, Coordinate and Subordinate.
a. Coordinate conjunctions connect coordinate or similar constructions (see § 278.2.a).
1.Copulative or disjunctive, implying a connection or separation of thought as well as of words.
et and
aut or
neque nor
2. Adversative, implying a connection of words, but a contrast in thought
sed but
3. Causal, introducing a cause or reason.
nam for
4. Illative, denoting an inference.
igitur therefore
b. Subordinate, connecting a subordinate or independent clause with that on which it depends (see § 278.2.b).
1. Conditional, denoting a condition or hypothesis
sī if
nisi unless
2. Comparative, implying comparison as well as condition.
ac sī as if
3. Concessive, denoting a concession or admission.
quamquam although (lit. however much it may be true that, etc.)
4. Temporal.
postquam after
5. Consecutive, expressing result.
ut so that
6. Final, expressing purpose.
ut in order that
nē that not
7. Causal, expressing cause.
quia because
224. Conjunctions are more numerous and more accurately distinguished in Latin than in English. The following list includes the common conjunctions1 and conjunctive phrases.
Coordinate
a. Copulative and Disjunctive.
et, -que, atque (ac)
and
et . . . et, et . . . -que (atque), -que . . . et, -que . . . -que
both . . . and (poetical)
etiam, quoque, neque nōn (necnōn), quīn etiam
itidem (item)
also
cum . . . tum, tum . . . tum
both . . . and, not only . . . but also
quā . . . quā
on the one hand . . . on the other hand
modo . . . modo
now . . . now
aut . . . aut, vel . . . vel (-ve)
either . . . or
sīve (seu) . . . sīve
whether . . . or
nec (neque) . . . nec (neque), neque . . . nec, nec . . . neque (rare)
neither . . . nor
et . . . neque
both . . . and not
nec . . . et, nec (neque) . . . -que
neither (both not) . . . and
b. Adversative
sed, autem, vērum, vērō, at, atquī
but
tamen, attamen, sed tamen, vērum tamen
but yet, nevertheless
nihilōminus
none the less
at vērō
but in truth
enimvērō
for in truth
cēterum
on the other hand, but
c. Causal
nam, namque, enim, etenim
for
quāpropter, quārē, quamobrem, quōcircā, unde
wherefore, whence
d. Illative
ergō, igitur, itaque, ideō, idcircō, inde, proinde
therefore, accordingly
Subordinate
a. Conditional
sī
if
sīn
but if
nisi (nī)
unless, if not
quod sī
but if
modo, dum, dummodo, sī modo
if only, provided
dummodo nē , (dum nē, modo nē)
provided only not
b. Comparative
ut, utī,sīcut
just as
velut
(so) as
prout, ceu
like as, according as
tamquam (tanquam), quasi, ut sī, ac sī, velutī, velut sī
as if
quam atque (ac)
as than
c. Concessive
etsī, etiamsī, tametsī
even if
quamquam (quanquam)
although
quamvīs, quantumvīs, quamlibet, quantumlibet
however much
licet (properly a verb), ut cum (quom)
though, suppose, whereas
d. Temporal
cum (quom), quandō
when
ubi, ut
when, as
cum prīmum, ubi prīmum, simul, simul ac, simul atque
as soon as
postquam (posteāquam)
after
prius . . . quam, ante . . . quam
before
nōn ante . . . quam
not until
dum, ūsque dum, dōnec, quoad
until, as long as, while
e. Consecutive and Final
ut (utī), quō
so that, in order that
nē, ut nē
lest (that . . . not, in order that not)
nēve (neu)
that not, nor
quīn (after negatives), quōminus
but that (so as to prevent), that not
f. Causal
quia, quod, quoniam (†quom-iam), quandō
because
cum (quom)
since
quandōquidem, sī quidem, quippe, ut pote
since indeed, inasmuch as
proptereā . . . quod
for this reason . . . that
On the use of Conjunctions, see §§ 323 - 324
Footnotes
