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340. The present system of mute verbs may be of the formative vowel class (§ 257), the τ- class (§ 258), the ι- class (§ 259), the inceptive class (§ 260), or the nasal class (§ 261). In other systems many sound changes occur where consonants come together.

341. The formation of the various tense stems is illustrated in the following.

  γραφ-,
write
ῥῑφ-, ῥιφ-,
thrοw
Present γράφω (§ 257) ῥῑ́πτω (§ 258)
Future γράψω (§ 45.a) ῥῑ́ψω
Aorist ἔγραψα (§ 45.a) ἐρρῑψα (§ 48)
Perf. Act. γέγραφα (§ 332) ἔρρῑφα
Perf. Mid. γέγραμμαι (§ 44.a) ἐρρῑμμαι
Aor. Pass. ἐγράφην (§ 334) ἐρρῑ́φθην
ἐρρίφην
 
  βλαβ-
injure
πεμπ-
send
Present βλάπτω (§ 258) πέμπω
Future βλάψω πέμψω
Aorist ἔβλαψα ἔπεμψα
Perf. Act. βέβλαφα (§ 342.b) πέπομφα (§ 342.b)
Perf. Mid. βέβλαμμαι πέπεμμαι (§ 344.a)
Aor. Pass. ἐβλάφθην (§ 43.a)
ἐβλάβην
ἐπέμφθην
 
  πειθ-
persuade
γυμναδ-
exercise
Present πείθω γυμνάζω (§§ 259.d, 56.d)
Future πείσω (§ 45.b) γυμνάσω (§ 45.b)
Aorist ἔπεισα ἐγύμνασα
Perf. Act. πέπεικα (§ 342.a)
 πέποιθα (§ 332)
γεγύμνακα (§ 342.a)
Perf. Mid. πέπεισμαι (§ 44.c) γεγύμνασμαι (§ 44.c)
Aor. Pass. ἐπείσθην (§ 43.b) ἐγυμνάσθην (§ 43.b)
 
  ἀρχ-
be first, begin, rule
ἀλλαγ-
change
Present ἄρχω ἀλλάσσω (§§ 259.c, 56.c)
Future ἄρξω (§ 45.a) ἀλλάξω
Aorist ἦρξα ἤλλαξα
Perf. Act. ἦρχα ἤλλαχα (§ 342.b)
Perf. Mid. ἦργμαι (§ 44.b) ἤλλαγμαι
Aor. Pass. ἤρχθην ἠλλάχθην
ἠλλάγην

342. a. In the κα- perfect a τ- mute disappears before -κ-.

b. In the α- perfect most stems ending in a π- or κ- mute aspirate the mute, often changing the stem vowel also.

Suggested Citation

Meagan Ayer, ed. Goodell’s School Grammar of Attic Greek. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2018. ISBN: 978-1-947822-10-8.https://dcc.dickinson.edu/grammar/goodell/%CF%89-conjugation-mute-verbs