424. The suffix -ιο, feminine -ιᾱ, nominative -ιος, (-ιᾱ,) -ιον, is most widely used to form adjectives from noun-stems. A final stem-vowel contracts with ι, or it may be changed or dropt. The meaning of the suffix is vague, pertaining to the noun, in some way which the noun or the context makes clear.
| δίκαιος just, right |
δίκη (δικᾱ-) justice, right |
| ἀρχαῖος ancient |
ἀρχή (ἀρχᾱ-) beginning |
| ἀγοραῖος of the market |
ἀγορᾱ́ market |
| βασίλειος royal, the kingʼs (§ 27) |
βασιλεύ-ς king |
| Tελαμών-ιος of Telamon |
Tελαμών Telamon |
| σωτήρ-ιος saving, of safety |
σωτήρ savior |
| οἰκεῖος domestic, oneʼs own |
οἶκο-ς house, property |
| ἄγρ-ος wild |
ἀγρό-ς field |
| πολέμ-ιος hostile |
πόλεμο-ς war |
| Κορίνθ-ιος Corinthian |
Κόρινθος Corinth |
| Μῑλήσ-ιος Milesian (§ 46) |
Μῑ́λητος Miletos |
| αἰδοῖος revered |
αἰδώς respect, reverence (§ 129) |
a. In some adjectives the suffix appears to be -ειο, nominative -ειος.
| γυναικ-εῖος of women |
γύνη (γυναικ-) woman |
425. The suffix -ικο, nominative -ικός, -ή, -όν, is added to noun-stems as well as to verb-stems (§ 413.d); in some cases the starting-point may have been either. A final stem vowel is dropped; but with ι-stems the ending is probably -κο.
| βασιλ-ικός kingly |
βασιλεύς king |
| βαρβαρ-ικός barbarian |
βάρβαρος foreigner |
| ἑλληνικός Greek |
Ἕλλην Greek |
| δᾱρεικός (for δαρει-ικος) daric |
Δᾱρεῖος Dareios |
| πολεμ-ικός warlike |
πόλεμος war |
| γεωργ-ικός skilled in farming |
γεωργός farmer |
| στρατηγ-ικός skilled as a general |
στρατηγός general |
| φυσι-κός natural, physical |
φύσις nature |
Many of these, by omission of τέχνη (art), become nouns.
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426. The suffixes -εο, nominative -οῦς, -ῆ, -οῦν (§ 87), and -ινο, nominative -ινος, -η, -ον, form adjectives of material.
| ἀργύρ-εος, ἄργυροῦς of silver |
ἄργυρος silver |
| λίθ-ινος of stone |
λίθος stone |
| ξύλ-ινος wooden |
ξύλον wood |
But they also have in other words a more general meaning.
| φοινῑ́κεος, φοινῑκοῦς red |
Φοῖνιξ Phoenician |
| ἀληθ-ινός genuine |
ἀληθής true |
| ἀνθρώπ-ινος, ἀνθρώπειος human |
ἄνθρωπος man |
Several in -ινός are made from words denoting time.
427. The suffix -εντ, nominative -εις, -εσσα, -εν, in a few adjectives means endowed or supplied with:
428. The suffixes -ιμο, -νο, -ρο are added to noun-stems as well as to verb-stems (cp. § 412). In some cases either verb or noun may have been the base:
| ἄλκιμος mighty |
ἀλκή prowess |
|
| φρόν-ιμος sensible |
φρήν (φρεν-) mind |
|
| ὀρει-νός (for ὀρεσ-νος) of the mountains |
ὄρος (ὀρεσ-) mountain |
|
| ἀλγει-νός (for ἀλγεσ-νος) painful |
ἄλγος (ἀλγεσ-) pain |
|
| λυπη-ρός painful |
λῡ́πη pain |
λῡπέω grieve |
| φθονε-ρός grudging |
φθόνος envy |
φθονέω grudge |
| δροσε-ρός dewy |
δρόσος dew |
|
| πονη-ρός toilsome, bad |
πόνος toil, distress |