Dickinson College Commentaries

3rd century graffito of a cataphract (clibanarius), from Dura-Europus (Yale University Art Gallery)

a graffito of a mounted armored warrior

a cataphract; Persian cavalryman in plate armor (6th century)

relief sculpture with Sassanian mounted cavalryman

The Siege of Nicaea: the Crusaders firing heads into the city (anonymous manuscript illumination, 13th century

manuscript illumination with crusaders firing Turkish heads into the city

The siege of Nicaea

manuscript illumination showing the siege of Nicaea

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); city walls

the Byzantine walls at Iznik

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); the Yenişehir Gate

A Byzantine gate at Nicaea (modern Iznik)

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); a tower in the city wall

the ruins of a tower in the Byzantine walls at Nicaea (Iznik)

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

ruins of the fort called Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi)

Iznik (ancient Nicaea) and Lake Iznik

a view of Lake Iznik, with the town of Iznik in the foreground