The Siege of Nicaea: the Crusaders firing heads into the city (anonymous manuscript illumination, 13th century

The siege of Nicaea

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); city walls

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); the Yenişehir Gate

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); a tower in the city wall

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

Iznik (ancient Nicaea) and Lake Iznik

a map showing the Vardar River (Axios in Greek), flowing through North Macedonia into Greece

The Vardar River, near Nogaevci, North Macedonia (Bohemond would would probably have crossed further to the south)

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