Pope Urban II (with Peter the Hermit) preaches the crusade at Clermont, by Francesco Hayez (1835, Turin, Palazzo Reale)

Pope Urban II preaches the crusade at Clermont, by Francesco Hayez (1835, Turin, Palazzo Reale)

The Dome of the Rock (Al Aqsa Mosque, Mosque of Omar). c. 700, Jerusalem

The siege and destruction of Jerusalem, manuscript miniature (1503-4, National Library of Wales)

Godfrey of Bouillon at the Battle of Ascalon (1099), by Hermann Plüddemann (1837)

a hand-siphon for "Greek Fire" and siege tower (9-11th cent.; Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1605)

Hand grenades for "Greek Fire," with caltrops from the fortress at Chania, Crete (10-12th cent.; National Historical Museum, Athens)

The Battle of Ascalon, with crusaders capturing livestock; manuscript miniature, 13th cent.

The Battle of Ascalon in 1099, by Victor Schnetz (1847; Palace of Versailles)

The Taking of Jerusalem by the crusaders, 15th July 1099, by Émile Signol (1847; Palace of Versailles)

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