Third Declension Nouns

Third declension nouns: Goodell 98-142.

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Liquid stems ending in -λ, -ν, -ρ: ἅλς μήν ἀγών (99), λιμήν δαίμων ῥήτωρ (102), πατήρ, ἀνήρ, μήτηρ θυγατήρ (106), Δημήτηρ (108), 

Guttural stems ending in -κ, -γ, -χ: φύλαξ, αἴξ, φάλαγξ (109), θρίξ ἄναξ (111)

Labial and dental stems ending in -π, -β -τ: κλώψ Ἄραψ γέλως (112) and in -τ, -δ, -θ: ἐλπίς, χάρις, ὄρνις (114)

Neuter stems ending in -τ: σῶμα, τέρας (118)

Masculine stems ending in -ντ: γίγας, ὀδούς, λέων (121)

Stems ending in -εσ, -ασ: γένος, κρέας (124), κέρας (126), Σωκράτης, Περικλῆς (127), Ἄρης (128), αἰδώς (129)

Stems ending in -ι, -υ: πόλις, πῆχυς, ἄστυ (130), σῦς, ἰχθύς (132)

Stems ending in -ευ, -αυ, -ου: ἱππεύς ναῦς, βοῦς (136), οἶς (138)

Stems ending in -ω, -ο: πειθώ, ἥρως (141)

Irregulars: γυνή, Ζεύς, κύων, μάρτυς, ὄναρ, Πνύξ, πρεσβεύτης, πῦρ, υἱός, χείρ (142)

1a.  ἡ τυραννὶς: “tyranny,” more literally, “the (state) tyranny.” Declines like ἐλπίς (G. 114). 

1b.  τῆς πατρίδος: “of his country,” gen. sing. > πατρίς. Declines like ἐλπίς (G. 114). 

1c.  Ἄδωνις: Adonis, mortal lover of the goddess Aphrodite. Declines like ἐλπίς (G. 114). 

ἔτι παῖς ὢν: “being yet a mere boy,” i.e., while he was yet a mere boy. παῖς (G. 101).

ὢν: pres. part. > εἰμί. 

Ἀρτέμιδος: gen. > Ἄρτεμις. Declines like ἐλπίς (G. 114).

ἐν θήραις: “in the hunt," literally, “amid huntings.” 

συὸς: gen. sing. > σῦς (G. 132).

ἐπλήγη: “was wounded,” 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. pass. > πλήσσω.

 

1d.  ἀηδών: the nightingale. ἀηδών, ἀηδόνος, ἡ declines like δαίμων (G. 102), though with a different accent. The tragic story of the sisters Procne and Philomela is told memorably by Ovid in Metamophoses 6.142-674.

ἐγένετο: “became," 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. mid. > γίνομαι. 

χελιδὼν: the swallow. Declines like δαίμων (G. 102), though with accent like ἀηδών ἀηδόνος, ἡ. 

Τηρεὺς: Tereus, husband of Procne and rapist of Philomela. Declines like ἱππεύς (G. 136).

ἔποψ: the hoopoe. 

1e.  τὸν δράκοντα: “the serpent,” acc. sing. > δράκων. Declines like λέων (G. 121).

ὀρρωδεῖ: 3rd sing. pres. ind. act. > ὁρρωδέω.

1f. ἔτι νήπιος ὑπάρχων: “being yet quite young,” i.e., while he was yet quite young.

ὑπάρχων: pres. part. act. > ὑπάρχω. 

μῦν: acc. sing. > μῦς. Declines like σῦς (G. 132).

διώκων: “pursuing,” i.e., as he pursued; pres. part. act. > διώκω. 

εἰς μέλιτος πίθον, etc.: “having fallen into a large vessel of honey, lost his life.” Or, more freely, “fell into, etc., and lost his life.” A participle and verb, as in the present instance, may be freely rendered by two verbs. 

μέλιτος: genitive > μέλι μέλιτος τό, see (G. 118).

πεσὼν: 2nd aor. part. act. > πίπτω. 

ἀπέθανεν: 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. act. > ἀποθνήσκω. 

2a.  διεσπάσαντο: “ tore in pieces,” 3rd pl. 1st aor. ind. mid. > διασπάω. The middle voice implies that they did the deed for themselves, i.e., to gratify their own blind fury.

Πενθέα: acc. sing. > Πενθεύς. The article with this proper name, as also with Ὀρφέα and Ἀκταίονα, though not translated, implies that these three individuals and their respective stories were well known. 

Μαινάδες: nom. pl. > Μαινάς. Declines most like ἐλπίς. 

αἱ κύνες: "his hounds,” nom. pl. > κύων. Declines like μήν (G. 99).

2b.  ἄνδρες: nom. pl. > ἀνήρ (G. 106). 

εἰκόνες: nom. pl. > εἰκών. Declines like ἀγών (G. 99). 

2c.  ᾤκησαν: “ inhabited,” 3rd pl. 1st aor. ind. act. > οἰκέω. 

πρῶτοι: nom. pl. > πρῶτος.  

αὐτόχθονες: “an indigenous race,” nom. pl. > αὐτόχθων. Declines like ἀγών (G. 99).

2d.  ἅπαντες:  nom. pl. > ἅπας. 

εἰσιν: “are,” 3rd pl. pres. ind. > εἰμί. 

 

3a.  ὕδατος: gen. sing. > ὕδωρ. Declines like τέρας, τέρατος, τό (G. 118).

κοιλαίνουσιν: “hollow out,” 3rd pl. pres. ind. act. > κοιλαίνω. 

3b.  ὄρτυξ: supply ἐστί. 

3c.  Φοίνικες: nom. pl. > Φοίνιξ. Declines like φύλαξ, φύλακος, ὁ (G. 109).

τῷ Ἡρακλεῖ: “unto the god Hercules,” dat. sing. > Ἡρακλῆς. Declines like Περικλῆς, Περικλέους, ὁ (G. 127).

ἔθυον: 3rd pl. imperf. ind. act. > θύω. 

3d.  πέρδικες: nom. pl. > πέρδιξ. Declines like φύλαξ, φύλακος, ὁ (G. 109).

οἱ δὲ: “but those," literally, “but the (partridges),” πέρδικες being understood. 

ἦσαν: “were,” 3rd pl. imperf. ind. > εἰμί. 

λέγει: 3rd sing. pres. ind. act. > λέγω. 

3e.  παλίμπαιδας τοὺς γέροντας, etc.: “that the old are in a state of second childhood,” more literally, “that the old become second children.” Acc. with inf.

παλίμπαιδας: acc. pl. > παλίμπαις. Declines like παῖς, παιδός, ὁ, ἡ (with different accentuation).

γέροντας: acc. pl. > γέρων. Declines like λέων, λέοντος, ὁ (G. 121).

γίγνεσθαι: pres. inf. mid. > γίγνομαι.  

3f.  Μυρμιδόνας: acc. pl. > Μυρμιδών. Declines like δαίμων, δαίμονος, ὁ (G. 102).

ἐκ μυρμήκων: “from ants." The order is, τοὺς Μυρμιδόνας γεγονέναι ἄνδρας ἐκ μυρμήκων. 

μυρμήκων: gen. pl. > μύρμηξ. Declines like φύλαξ, φύλακος, ὁ (G. 109).

ἄνδρας: acc. pl. > ἀνήρ (G. 106). It is the acc. after γεγονέναι, as Μυρμιδόνας is the acc. before it. 

γεγονέναι: "became,” i.e., were changed into. 

 

4a.  οἱ Νομάδες τὸν Λιβύων: “the Nomads of the Libyans,” i.e., the Libyan Nomads.

ταῖς ἡμέραις: “by days," more literally, “by the days (which pass)." 

ταῖς νυξὶν: “by nights." νύξ declines like ἄναξ, ἄνακτος, ὁ (G. 111.c) with different accentuation.

ἀριθμοῦσιν: 3rd pl. pres. ind. act. > ἀριθμέω.

4b.  ἐρωτηθεὶς: “having been asked,” i.e., when he was asked; 1st aor. part. pass. > ἐρωτάω.

τί μέγιστον, etc.: “what is the greatest thing in the smallest compass,” literally, “what is greatest in smallest (space), supply ἐστί. 

μέγιστον: superlative > μέγας. 

ἐλαχίστῳ: superlative > μικρός, properly from ἐλαχύς. 

εἶπε: “said,” 2nd aor. ind. act. > εἴπω. 

φρένες ἀγαθαὶ, etc.: “a sound mind in a human body,” literally, “sound thoughts in a human being’s body." 

φρένες: nom. pl. > φρήν. 

σώματι: dat. sing. > σῶμα, σώματος, τό (G. 118).

4c.  γνώμη: “understanding." 

κρείσσων: “better." 

ἢ ῥώμη χερῶν: “than strength of hands"; ῥώμη is the nom. to ἐστί understood. 

χερῶν: gen. pl. > χείρ. The regular gen. pl. is χειρῶν, for which we have here the poetic form χερῶν, which is also Ionic. 

4d.  γυψὶν: dat. pl. > γύψ, declines like αἴξ, αἰγός, ἡ (G. 109).

αἰτία: “are a cause,” supply εἰσίν. 

4e.  γυναιξὶ: dat. pl. > γυνή (G. 142.1). The order is, ἡ σιγὴ φέρει κόσμον γυναιξί. 

φέρει: “ brings with it,” 3rd sing. pres. ind. act. > φέρω.

4f.  χαλεπόν: “a difficult matter." 

λέγειν πρὸς:  “to speak to,” i.e., to reason with. 

γαστέρα: acc. sing. > γαστήρ. Declines like πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ (G. 106).

ὦτα οὐκ ἔχουσαν: “since it has not ears.” Literally, “not having ears." 

ὦτα: acc. pl. > οὖς. 

ἔχουσαν: acc. sing. fem. pres. part. act. > ἔχω. 

 

5a.  τὼ πόδε: “as to his two feet,” i.e., in both his feet. 

πόδε: acc. dual > πούς; acc. of respect (G. 537), where some supply κατὰ to govern it. 

ἦν: 3rd sing. imperf. ind. > εἰμί.

5b.  ἡ Μήδεια: "Medea,” more literally, “the (well-known) Medea.” 

γράφεται: “is painted,” i.e., is represented in a picture. 

παῖδε: acc. dual > παῖς. 

δεινὸν ὑποβλέπουσα: “sternly eyeing.” The verb ὑποβλέπω here denotes, literally, to look at one from under the eyelids, with a lowering expression. The adjective δεινὸν is used here adverbially. 

ἔχει δὲ: “ she holds moreover,” 3rd sing. pres. ind. act. > ἔχω. 

τὼ δὲ ἀθλίω, etc.: “while the two wretched ones sit smiling,” i.e., the two unhappy children, etc. 

ἀθλίω: dual > ἄθλιος. 

καθῆσθον: 3rd dual pres. ind. > κάθημαι. 

γελῶντε: nom. dual pres. part. act. > γελάω. 

μηδὲν τῶν μελλόντων εἰδότε: “knowing nothing of the things about to happen,” i.e., of what is about to befall them. 

μηδὲν: neuter > μηδείς. μηδείς, μηδεμία, μηδέν is formed off of the numeral adjective εἵς, μία, ἕν (G. 187).

μελλόντων: gen. pl. pres. part. act. > μέλλω. 

εἰδότε: perf. part. act. > εἴδω, contracted from εἰδηκότε; nom. sing. εἰδώς, contracted from εἰδήκως. 

καὶ ταῦτα ὁρῶντε: “and that too, although seeing." The expression καὶ ταῦτα is analogous to the Latin expressions idque, et ea, et haec, etc. 

ὁρῶντε: pres. part. act. > ὁράω.