Regular Verbs in Ω: Active Voice

1a. οἱ πονηροὶ, etc.: the order is, οἱ πονηροὶ ἀποβλέπουσι μόνον εἰς τὸ κέρδος, “the bad look only to gain."

ἀποβλέπουσι: 3rd pl. pres. ind. act. > ἀποβλέπω.

1b. τὰ πάθη: "his passions."

αὐτὸς ὑπ’ αὐτῶν κολάζεται: is himself chastised by them." 

κολάζεται: 3rd sing. pres. ind. pass. > κολάζω.

1d. σώζεσθαι: pres. infin. pass. > σώζω.

καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν, etc.: “they draw him up even from deep caverns themselves,” i.e., from the very midst of deep caverns.

ἀνασπῶσι: 3rd pl. pres. ind. act. > ἀνασπάω.

1e. Οὐδὲν τῆς εὐμορφίας ὄφελος: “there is no advantage from a fair exterior,” i.e., no advantage arises from; supply ἐστί after ὄφελος.

μὴ … ἔχῃ, “may not have,” 3rd sing. pres. subj. act. > ἔχω.

1f. Εὖ θνήσκοις: “may you die happily,” 2nd sing. pres. opt. act. > θνήσκω. The opt. has here its genuine meaning, indicating a wish.

ἔλθῃ: "may have come,” 3rd sing. 2nd aor. subj. act. > ἔρχομαι. 

1g. ὁπότε σχολάζοι, etc.: “that whenever he had nothing to do, and was not leading an army,” more literally, “that whenever he might have nothing to do, and might not be leading an army.” The opt. has the force of the potential.

σχολάζοι: 3rd sing. pres. opt. act. > σχολάζω.

στρατεύοιτο: 3rd sing. pres. opt. mid. > στρατεύω.

τῶν ἱπποκόμων οἴεσθαι, etc.: “he thought he differed in no respect from his grooms.” The absence of the pronoun from before οἴεσθαι, shows that this verb refers to the same person that is implied in ἔλεγεν. The pronoun is understood in the nom.

μηδὲν: acc. sing. neut. taken adverbially.

1h. ἂν μάλιστα … εὐδοκιμοίη: “might gain applause in the greatest degree," sing. pres. opt. act. > εὐδοκιμέω, Attic for εὐδοκιμοῖ.

1i. καταφρονῶν: pres. part. act. > καταφρονέω, "by despising,” literally, “by thinking against”; the gen. is governed by κατά in composition.

 

2a. θάπτουσιν τοὺς νεκροὺς: “inter their dead,” i. e., dispose of their bodies after death.

ταριχεύοντες, “by embalming them,” supply αὐτούς.

Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ καίοντες: “but the Romans theirs, by burning them (on funeral piles).” After Ῥωμαῖοι supply θάπτουσι τοὺς νεκροὺς, and after καίοντες the pronoun αὐτούς.

2b. διώκουσιν: “actually pursue it,” supply αὐτόν.

2c. εἴκαζε: “used to liken,” 3rd sing. imperf. ind. act. > εἰκάζω, without any augment.

τοῖς Ἑρμαῖς: “to their own Hermae."

ἔχουσιν: “which have,” dat. pl. pres. part. act. > ἔχω. The Hermae, at Athens, were blocks, or trunks of stone, placed upright, and surmounted by a head of Hermes. They had no arms or legs; and hence Philip sneered at the Athenians, as saying much, and full of boasting, but doing nothing at all, and inefficient in the hour of action. 

 

3a. περὶ τὴν ἰατρικὴν ἐσπούδασε: “was full of zeal about the healing art,” i.e., paid zealous attention to it. With ἰατρικὴν supply τέχνην.

ἐσπούδασε: 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > σπουδάζω.

καὶ αὐτὸς ἰᾶτο: “and he himself used to practice it,” literally, “used to act as a physician,” or to heal.”

ἰᾶτο: 3rd sing. imperf. ind. mid. > ἰάομαι.

καὶ τὰ λοιπά: “and forth,” literally "and to do the other things,” i.e., the other things connected with the practice of medicine; supply ἐποίει, imperf. > ποιέω. The phrase is analogous to the Latin et cetera. 

ἐστασιαζέτην: 3rd dual imperf. ind. act. > στασιάζω.

3b. ἔτι παῖδε ὄντε: “while yet boys.”

ὄντε: nom. dual masc. > ὢν.

3c. κατέλιπε: “left behind,” i.e., abandoned; 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. act. > καταλείπω.

ἐξέπλευσε: 3rd sing. 1st aor. indic. act. > ἐκπλέω.

ἀπήγαγεν: 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. act. > ἀπάγω.

3d. ἤγαγεν: “is wont to lead,” 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. act. > ἄγω.

3e.  Ἐπρώτευσεν … τῆς Ἑλλάδος: “stood at the head of Greece,” literally, “was first of Greece.”

Ἐπρώτευσεν: 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > πρωτεύω, governing the genitive because equivalent to a superlative with the auxiliary verb.

χρόνον: “for a period,” acc. continuance of time.

χρωμένη: “by following,” literally, “by using,” pres. part. mid. > χράομαι. 

 

4a.  Ὁ Διογένης: "the well-known Diogenes."

ὅτι: When ὅτι stands, as here, in the beginning of a direct remark or speech, it is not to be translated, but is equivalent merely to quotation marks in English.

οἱ μὲν ἄλλοι κύνες: “ the rest of dogs,” Diogenes, the Cynic, had the appellation of κύων given him on account of his snarling and snappish manner. He playfully alludes here to this peculiar appellation.

ἐγὼ δὲ τοὺς φίλους, etc.: “ I, however, bite my friends, in order that I may save them.” Alluding to the caustic but salutary nature of his advice. With ἐγὼ supply δάκνω.

σώσω: 1st sing. 1st aor. subj. act. > σώζω.

4b. Μηδενὶ συμφορὰν ὀνειδίσῃς: “reproach no one with misfortune,” literally, “reproach misfortune to no one”; 2nd sing. 1st aor. subj. act. > ὀνειδίζω.

4c. Κὰν μόνος ᾖς: “even though thou mayest be alone.” 

κἂν: = καὶ ἂν.

ᾖς: 2nd sing. pres. subj. > εἰμί

φαῦλον μήτε λέξῃς, etc.: “neither say nor do anything evil.”

λέξῃς: 2nd sing. 1st aor. subj. act. > λέγω.

ἐργάσῃ: 2nd sing. 1st aor. subj. mid. > ἐργάζομαι.

μηδέν: The negation is strengthened in the Greek by the negative particles, but, in translating, μηδέν becomes equivalent to τὶ.

4d. αἰδοῦς παρὰ πᾶσιν, etc.: “you will be worthy of respect with all."

αἰδοῦς: gen. contract > αἰδώς, governed by ἄξιος.

ἔσει: 2nd sing fut. ind. > εἰμί, with the Attic termination, instead of the common ἔσῃ.

ἄρξῃς: 2nd sing. 1st aor. subj. act. > ἄρχω.

αἰδεῖσθαι: pres. inf. mid. > αἰδέομαι. 

 

5a.  Ἀδύνατον: supply ἐστί.

ἄνευ τῆς τῶν οὐρανίων θεωρίας: "without the studious contemplation of celestial phaenomena,” i. e., without a knowledge of astronomy, etc.

5c. μεθ’ ἡμέραν: “ during the day,” literally, “ after day (had appeared).”

 μεθ’: = μετά, by apostrophe.

ἅψας: “having lighted,” 1st aor. part. act. > ἅπτω.

5d. τὴν τῆς: in this position of the article, the second agrees with the nearer noun, the first with the more remote; so that τὴν here agrees with σκληρότητα.

καταλύσαντες: “having laid aside,” more literally, “having dissolved,” or “loosened”; 1st aor. part. act. > καταλύω.

ἐξώκειλαν: “dashed," more literally, “drove." A metaphor borrowed from the running of a vessel ashore.

5e. συνοικίσας: 1st aor. part. act. > συνοικίζω.

τοὺς τὴν Ἀττικὴν κατοικοῦντας: “the inhabitants of Attica,” more literally, “those who were inhabiting Attica.”

κατοικοῦντας: imperf. part. act. > κατοικέω.

ἀπέφηνεν: “made of them,” literally, “showed forth,” i. e., to the world; 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > ἀποφαίνω. 

 

6a. τὸ καλῶς ἀποθανεῖν, etc.: the order is, ἡ φύσις ἀπένειμεν τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς τὸ καλῶς ἀποθανεῖν ἴδιον, “nature has assigned the dying well unto the good, as something peculiar,” i. e., as their peculiar property. The article τὸ joined to the infinitive ἀποθανεῖν, produces a species of verbal noun.

ἀποθανεῖν: 2nd aor. infin. act. > ἀποθνήσκω.

ἀπένειμεν: 3rd sing. 1st aor. indic. act. > ἀπονέμω

6b. ὑπέμεινα: 1st sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > ὑπομένω

6c. Ἐξ οὗ: “since,” supply χρόνου. The full expression is, ἐκ τοῦ χρόνου ἐξ οὗ (χρόνου).

φιλοσοφεῖν ἐπενόησας: “you have turned your thoughts to philosophy.” 

ἐπενόησας: 2nd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > ἐπινοέω.

σεμνός τις ἐγένου: “you have become a grave sort of a person.”

ἐγένου: 2nd sing. 2nd aor. ind. mid. > γίνομαι.

καὶ τὰς ὀφρῦς, etc.: “and have raised your eyebrows above your temples,” i. e., has assumed a supercilious look. 

ἐπῆρας: 2nd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > ἐπαίρω. 

6d. Ἄρτι μοι διακαθήραντι: “unto me having just cleaned”

διακαθήραντι: dat. sing. 1st aor. part. act. > διακαθαίρω.

ἐπέστη: 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. act. > ἐφίστημι

ἐπῄνει: 3rd sing. imperf. ind. act. > ἐπαινέω.

τὴν φιλεργίαν: "my activity,” literally, “the activity,” i. e., which I had displayed

6e. τούτων δὲ σπαρέντων: “and these having been sown.”

σπαρέντων: 2nd aor. part. pass. > σπείρω; gen. absolute.

ἀνέτειλαν: 3rd pl. 1st aor. ind. act. > ἀνατέλλω.

6f. Ἀφροσύνης ἐστὶ, etc.: “the forming of wrong judgments about things is a mark of want of understanding."

κρῖναι: 1st aor. infin. act. > κρίνω, forming with the article a species of verbal noun.

6g. περιστεῖλαι: 1st aor. inf. act. > περιστέλλω. 

 

7a. μαθὼν: "having learned”; 2nd aor. part. act. > μανθάνω.

ζῇ: 3rd sing. pres. ind. act. > ζάω.

ἀγοράσας: 1st aor. part. act. > ἀγοράζω.

7b. Φιλεῖ τῷ κάμνοντι, etc.: “the deity loves to labor with him that labors," more freely, “is wont to assist him that labors."

7c. Οὐκ ἂν δύναιο, etc.: "you will not, I think, be happy, not having labored,” i. e., without labor or employment of some kind or other.

καμὼν: 2nd aor. part. act. > κάμνω. The optative with ἄν is here employed to express a milder assertion than would have been conveyed by the simple future, and which we have endeavored to convey by the words “I think.” 

αὐτὸς ἔτεμεν: “cut with his own hands,” more literally, “himself cut."

ἔτεμεν: 3rd sing. 2nd aor. indic. act. > τέμνω.

7e. Δημοσθένους εἰπόντος: “Demosthenes having said,” gen. absolute.

ἀποκτενοῦσι: 3rd pl. fut. > ἀποκτείνω.

ἐὰν μανῶσι: “if they become insane.”

μανῶσι: 3rd plur. 2nd aor. subj. pass. > μαίνομαι.

ἐὰν σωφρονῶσιν: “if they become sane.”

σωφρονῶσιν: 3rd pl. pres. subj. act. > σωφρονέω. 

 

8a. λέγε … κακῶς, etc.: “ay, speak ill, since you have not learned how to speak well.” There is here a play upon the words. The expression κακῶς λέγειν signifies both “to speak incorrectly" and “to speak injuriously,” and καλῶς λέγειν, on the other hand, both “to speak correctly” and “to praise.” “To speak correctly” here, is to speak in accordance with the dictates of true wisdom, i. e., philosophy.

μεμάθηκας: 2nd sing. perf. ind. act. > μανθάνω.

8b. Ὁ καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς ἀνὴρ, etc.: “the man of moral excellence submits his own judgment to him who governs all things,” i. e., to the ruler of the universe. The expression καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς ἀνὴρ is meant to indicate man as he should be, both externally and internally, and is best rendered by a paraphrase.

ὑποτέταχε: 3rd sing. perf. ind. act. > ὑποτάσσω. The continued action implied by the perfect gives it here the force of a present.

διοικοῦντι: dat. sing. pres. part. act. > διοικέω. 

8c. Τὸν εὐτυχοῦντα, etc.: “it behooves the prosperous man to be wise,” i. e., we ought to make a wise use of prosperity. Literally, “it behooves him that is fortunate,” etc.

εὐτυχοῦντα: acc. sing. pres. part. act. > εὐτυχέω.

πεφυκέναι: perf. inf. act. > φύω, equivalent here merely to εἶναι.

8d. κατ’ ὄναρ δοκῶν, etc.: “imagining in a dream that he had trodden on a nail,” i. e., dreaming that he had, etc.

πεπατηκέναι: perf. inf. act. > πατέω, and referring to the same person that is implied in δοκῶν, as the absence of the pronoun indicates.

ὕπαρ: “on waking.”

περιεδήσατο: 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. mid. > περιδέω

διὰ τί γὰρ: "why then," literally, supplying at the same time the ellipsis, “(This serves thee right), for why,” etc.

8e. σφόδρα κεκυφότα: " greatly bent," more freely, "bent almost double,” i. e., as indicative of pain.

κεκυφότα: acc.. sing. perf. part. act. > κύπτω.

συμβέβηκεν: 3rd sing. perf. ind. act. > συμβαίνω.

8f. οἱ πρὸς τὴν δόξαν, etc.: “they who are eagerly desirous of renown," literally, "they who gape after renown."

κεχηνότες: nom. plur. perf. part. mid. > χαίνω

8g. Εἰρήκασι: 3rd plur. perf. ind. act. > ἐρῶ

τὸν ἥλιον … εἶναι: "that the sun is," acc. with inf.

8h. κατεσκεύασε: 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > κατασκευάζω.

πεφευγὼς: perf. part. mid. > φεύγω.

ἐπὶ φόνῳ: “on account of a murder," he killed, through envy, Talus, his sister’s son, having thrown him down from a window. 

 

9a. ἐπεφύκει: “was,” literally, “had been and continued”; 3rd sing. pluperf. ind. act. > φύω, and equivalent here to ἦν.

τοὺς πόδας: “ of foot," more literally, “as to her feet,” acc. of respectThe accusative of nearer definition, where some understand κατά.

9b. Ἐπέπνεον: 3rd plur. imperf. ind. act. > ἐπιπνέω.

ἐπεφρίκει: “was rough,” pluperf. rendered by the imperf, literally “had been and continued rough"; 3rd sing. pluperf. indic. act. > φρίσσω.

ἐξηνθήκει: “swelled forth like an opening flower”; 3rd sing. pluperf. indic. act. > ἐξανθέω. Pluperfect again as an imperfect.

Δημοσθένης, etc.: “Demosthenes replied to a thief, who said,” literally, “to a thief having said.” In construction, ἔφη follows immediately after Δημοσθένης.

9c. οὐκ ᾔδειν: “I did not know,” 1st sing. pluperf. ind. act. > οἶδα, rendered as an imperfect.

ὅτι δὲ … σὸν, etc.: “you knew, however, that it is not your."

9d. προσαγγελθείσης: “having been announced,” gen. sing. fem. 1st aor. part. pass. > προσαγγέλλω; gen. absolute.

ᾔδειν αὐτοὺς θνητοὺς γεννήσας: “I knew that I begat them as mortal.” Some verbs in Greek (of which οἶδα is one) take with them a participle, where we employ the simple conjunction that with its clause. If the subject indicated by the participle be the same as that of the preceding verb, the participle stands in the nom.; if the subject be different, the participle is in one of the oblique cases.

9e. χρήσιμ’: = χρήσιμα.

εἰδὼς:  = εἰδηκὼς, perf. part. act. > οἶδα.

πόλλ’:  = πόλλα.