399. Words formed directly from a verb stem are called verbals; those formed from a noun or adjective stem are called denominatives.
400. a. The shifting of vowels described in § 25 and § 26 is frequent in derivation, as in declension and conjugation.
b. As in conjugation (cp. §§ 322 and 322.a) a -σ-, of uncertain origin, is sometimes added to a verb stem before a suffix. So also -θ- in στα-θ-μός (station) from στα- (stand), and in ῥυ-θ-μός (rhythm) from ῥέω (ῥυ-) (flow).
c. A final stem vowel and the vowel of a suffix often contract.
d. A final vowel of a stem is sometimes dropt before a vowel.
e. The consonant changes described in §§ 45 – 55 are made, as in conjugation (§§ 341, 345).
f. A final consonant is sometimes dropt before the ending.
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