Denominative Verbs

415. Verb-stems are made from nouns:

1. By merely adding the endings of conjugation, the stem being unchanged, except by the usual processes of conjugation;
2. By changing the final stem-vowel;
3. By adding a new element; the final stem vowel may be changed at the same time. All under this head belong in the present system to the -ι class (§ 259); originally the presents of the other types belonged to the same class, although in Attic Greek the -ι- no longer appears.

Thus arose, with some crossing of types, several models, on which denominative verbs were made pretty freely; the classes are clearly separated in form, much less clearly in meaning.

416. a. Stems in -ο:ω, present indicative in -όω, regularly transitive, often causative:

On the same model, from other stems, with a change of vowel:

From consonant stems, with added -ο:

b. Stems in -α:ᾱ or -α:η, present in -άω:

From stems in -ο, with change of vowel:

c. Stems in -ε:η, present in -έω, generally intransitive:

From stems in -εσ, with loss of σ (§ 55.a):

From consonant stems, with added -ε:

417. a. Stems in -ευ, present indicative in -εύω:

From other vowel stems, with change of vowel:

From consonant-stems, with added -ευ:

b. A few stems in -υ, present in -ω:

418. Stems in -ιδ, present indicative in -ίζω (ι-class, § 259.d):

From other stems, with change or addition of the final element:

For ἐμποδίζω and διαχειρίζω see § 448.a.

a. Similar in the present only is σαλπίζω (σαλπιγγ-, sound the trumpet) from σάλπιγξ (trumpet); but aorist ἐσάλπιγξα.

419. Stems in -αδ, present in -άζω (ι-class, § 259.d), are partly from noun-stems in -ατ, but mostly from noun-stems in -ᾱ and adjective-stems in -ο, with change of -ᾱ or -ο:

Also from other stems, with the final element changed to -αδ:

420. Stems in -αν, present in -αίνω (ι-class, § 259.b). These are partly from noun— or adjective— stems in -αν, but oftener from others, with change of the final element, or with an addition:

421. Stems in -υν, present in -ῡ́νω (ι-class, § 259.b). These are largely from adjective-stems in -υ, but also from other stems, which are changed or extended to conform to the model:

422. Similar formations, with presents of the ι-class, are seen in

423. The differences of use between the above verb formations are best seen when two verbs are made from one stem: