αὐτὴ νῦν κάματόν γε, θεά, καὶ δήνεα κούρης

Κολχίδος ἔννεπε, Μοῦσα, Διὸς τέκος. ἦ γὰρ ἔμοιγε

ἀμφασίῃ νόος ἔνδον ἑλίσσεται ὁρμαίνοντι,

ἠὲ μιν ἄτης πῆμα δυσίμερου, ἦ τόγ᾽ ἐνίσπω

φύζαν ἀεικελίην, ᾗ κάλλιπεν ἔθνεα Κόλχων. 5

ἤτοι ὁ μὲν δήμοιο μετ᾽ ἀνδράσιν, ὅσσοι ἄριστοι,

παννύχιος δόλον αἰπὺν ἐπὶ σφίσι μητιάασκεν

οἷσιν ἐνὶ μεγάροις, στυγερῷ ἐπὶ θυμὸν ἀέθλῳ

Αἰήτης ἄμοτον κεχολωμένος, οὐδ᾽ ὅγε πάμπαν

θυγατέρων τάδε νόσφιν ἑῶν τελέεσθαι ἐώλπει.10

τῇ δ᾽ ἀλεγεινότατον κραδίῃ φόβον ἔμβαλεν Ἥρη:

τρέσσεν δ᾽, ἠύτε τις κούφη κεμάς, ἥν τε βαθείης

τάρφεσιν ἐν ξυλόχοιο κυνῶν ἐφόβησεν ὁμοκλή.

αὐτίκα γὰρ νημερτὲς ὀίσσατο, μή μιν ἀρωγὴν

ληθέμεν, αἶψα δὲ πᾶσαν ἀναπλήσειν κακότητα.15

τάρβει δ᾽ ἀμφιπόλους ἐπιίστορας. ἐν δέ οἱ ὄσσε

πλῆτο πυρός, δεινὸν δὲ περιβρομέεσκον ἀκουαί.

πυκνὰ δὲ λευκανίης ἐπεμάσσατο, πυκνὰ δὲ κουρὶξ

ἑλκομένη πλοκάμους γοερῇ βρυχήσατ᾽ ἀνίῃ.

καί νύ κεν αὐτοῦ τῆμος ὑπὲρ μόρον ὤλετο κούρη, 20

φάρμακα πασσαμένη, Ἥρης δ᾽ ἁλίωσε μενοινάς,

εἰ μή μιν Φρίξοιο θεὰ σὺν παισὶ φέβεσθαι

ὦρσεν ἀτυζομένην: πτερόεις δέ οἱ ἐν φρεσὶ θυμὸς

ἰάνθη: μετὰ δ᾽ ἥγε παλίσσυτος ἀθρόα κόλπῳ

φάρμακα πάντ᾽ ἄμυδις κατεχεύατο φωριαμοῖο.25

κύσσε δ᾽ ἑόν τε λέχος καὶ δικλίδας ἀμφοτέρωθεν

σταθμούς, καὶ τοίχων ἐπαφήσατο, χερσί τε μακρὸν

ῥηξαμένη πλόκαμον, θαλάμῳ μνημήια μητρὶ

κάλλιπε παρθενίης, ἀδινῇ δ᾽ ὀλοφύρατο φωνῇ·

τόνδε τοι ἀντ᾽ ἐμέθεν ταναὸν πλόκον εἶμι λιποῦσα, 30

μῆτερ ἐμή: χαίροις δὲ καὶ ἄνδιχα πολλὸν ἰούσῃ:

χαίροις Χαλκιόπη, καὶ πᾶς δόμος. αἴθε σε πόντος,

ξεῖνε, διέρραισεν, πρὶν Κολχίδα γαῖαν ἱκέσθαι.

ὧς ἄρ᾽ ἔφη: βλεφάρων δὲ κατ᾽ ἀθρόα δάκρυα χεῦεν.

οἵη δ᾽ ἀφνειοῖο διειρυσθεῖσα δόμοιο35

ληιάς, ἥν τε νέον πάτρης ἀπενόσφισεν αἶσα,

οὐδέ νύ πω μογεροῖο πεπείρηται καμάτοιο,

ἀλλ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἀηθέσσουσα δύης καὶ δούλια ἔργα

εἶσιν ἀτυζομενη χαλεπὰς ὑπὸ χεῖρας ἀνάσσης·

τοίη ἄρ᾽ ἱμερόεσσα δόμων ἐξέσσυτο κούρη. 40

τῇ δὲ καὶ αὐτόματοι θυρέων ἱπόειξαν ὀχῆες,

ὠκείαις ἄψορροι ἀναθρώσκοντες ἀοιδαῖς.

γυμνοῖσιν δὲ πόδεσσιν ἀνὰ στεινὰς θέεν οἴμους,

λαιῇ μὲν χερὶ πέπλον ἐπ᾽ ὀφρύσιν ἀμφὶ μέτωπα

στειλαμένη καὶ καλὰ παρήια, δεξιτερῇ δὲ 45

ἄκρην ὑψόθι πέζαν ἀερτάζουσα χιτῶνος.

καρπαλίμως δ᾽ ἀίδηλον ἀνὰ στίβον ἔκτοθι πύργων

ἄστεος εὐρυχόροιο φόβῳ κίεν: οὐδέ τις ἔγνω

τήνγε φυλακτήρων, λάθε δέ σφεας ὁρμηθεῖσα.

ἔνθεν ἴμεν νηόνδε μάλ᾽ ἐφράσατ᾽· οὐ γὰρ ἄιδρις 50

ἦεν ὁδῶν, θαμὰ καὶ πρὶν ἀλωμένη ἀμφί τε νεκρούς,

ἀμφί τε δυσπαλέας ῥίζας χθονός, οἷα γυναῖκες

φαρμακίδες: τρομερῷ δ᾽ ὑπὸ δείματι πάλλετο θυμός.

τὴν δὲ νέον Τιτηνὶς ἀνερχομένη περάτηθεν

φοιταλέην ἐσιδοῦσα θεὰ ἐπεχήρατο Μήνη 55

ἁρπαλέως, καὶ τοῖα μετὰ φρεσὶν ᾗσιν ἔειπεν·

    Medea flees the palace.

    Book 3 ends with Jason’s triumph over the fire breathing bulls and the earth born giants, an heroic exploit of Iliadic dimensions, undercut by the fact that he is dependent on Medea’s drugs and magic. The mission, however, is not complete in spite of the closural nature of 3.1407. Aietes is already plotting revenge. Will Medea escape retribution for the help that she has given the foreign intruders? How will the Fleece be finally gained? What future developments will there be in the relationship between Jason the Greek and Medea the barbarian Colchian princess?

    At the beginning of Book 4, the poet seeks help from his Muse in answering these and other questions in the opening invocation (1–5). The theme of the book is to be the combination of δήνεα with κάματον, which alludes to Medea’s two-sided character: knowing witch and magician and also a tragic figure who suffers for her love. The poet asks the Muse whether it is shame or panic which will drive her motivation:

    Invocation of the Muse (1–5)

    Medea's farewell to her home (6–33)

    Flight from the palace and the city (34–53)

    1–2  αὐτὴ . . . τέκος: the book opens with a strong and solemn imperative (ἔννεπε), which takes a double object (κάματόν . . . καὶ δήνεα), γε emphasising the importance of the former. κούρης / Κολχίδος: refers to Medea. The three separate allusions to the Muse (θεά, Μοῦσα, Διὸς τέκος) stress the importance of the moment. The opening words (αὐτὴ νῦν) underline its immediacy.

     2–3  ἦ . . . ὁρμαίνοντι: these lines describe the poet’s doubts and thoughts. The subject of the verb ἑλίσσεται is νόος ἔνδον, the owner of which is denoted by ἔμοιγε . . . ὁρμαίνοντι (datives of feeling / agent. Smyth 14861488), linked with ἀμφασίῃ as a further descriptive dative (Smyth 1516). The particle ἦ intensifies the excitement of the moment (Smyth 2864).

     4–5  ἠὲ . . . Κόλχων: A.’s supposed hesitation takes the form of a deliberative, indirect question (ἠὲ . . . ἦ), whose main verb is the aorist subjunctive ἐνίσπω (Smyth 2675). Both μιν and τόγ(ε) function as pronouns referring to the vital question at issue (‘was it X or was it Y’), X being described as ἄτης πῆμα δυσίμερου, the two genitives elegantly depending on the noun that they enfold, and Y as φύζαν ἀεικελίην.

     6–9  ἤτοι . . . κεχολωμένος: A. now connects the action about unfold with the end of Book 3 by introductory particles ἤτοι ὁ μὲν. An important feature of this long sentence is the wide separation of ὁ μὲν and Αἰήτης. The elaborate phrase δήμοιο μετ᾽ ἀνδράσιν, ὅσσοι ἄριστοι refers to Aietes’ councillors. ἐπὶ σφίσι is the object of Aietes’ nocturnal (παννύχιος) plotting (δόλον αἰπὺν . . . μητιάασκεν), Jason and the Argonauts, who have recently thwarted him in the στυγερῷ . . . ἀέθλῳ and because of this have occasioned his raging anger (ἐπὶ θυμὸν . . . ἄμοτον κεχολωμένος).

     9–10 οὐδ᾽ ὅγε . . . ἐώλπει: Aietes’ daughters are implicated in the treachery by the intricate syntax. The word that denotes their deeds (τάδε), menacing because of its indefinite nature, is embedded in the phrase (θυγατέρων . . . νόσφιν ἑῶν) that implicates them in Medea’s escape. The Alexandrian poets thought of ἐώλπει as an imperfect; although LSJ ἔλπω explains it as 3rd person singular pluperfect. Here it balances μητιάασκεν.

     11  ἤτοι ὁ μὲν . . . τῇ δ᾽: contrasts the moods of Aietes and his daughter. The use of the superlative (ἀλεγεινότατον) marks the extreme nature of Hera’s intervention. ἔμβαλεν is frequently used of inserting a thought or emotion into the mind.

    12–13  τρέσσεν . . . ὁμοκλή: ἠύτε introduces the simile. The enfolding word order of βαθείης / τάρφεσιν ἐν ξυλόχοιο (reorder: ἐν τάρφεσιν βαθείης ξυλόχοιο) perhaps gives a sense that the fawn may be trapped by the dogs in the deep wood. Likewise the unit formed by κυνῶν ἐφόβησεν ὁμοκλή (κυνῶν depending on ὁμοκλή) balances the previous phrase and underlines the fear caused by the dogs’ attack.

     14–15  αὐτίκα . . . κακότητα: Medea’s thoughts and fears are reported in a tersely expressed indirect statement, dependent on νημερτὲς ὀΐσσατο, the equivalent of a verb of fearing (Smyth 2238). There is contrast and balance between the two phrases, μιν ἀρωγὴν / ληθέμεν and πᾶσαν ἀναπλήσειν κακότητα. Aietes is not named (μιν) but the reference to what he may do to Medea gains emphasis from the use of the four-syllable abstract noun (κακότητα rather than perhaps κακά).

    16–17  τάρβει . . . ἀκουαί: A. shortens his phrases, pointed by the repetition of π and marking the frantic nature of Medea’s mood. The use of the dual (ὄσσε) together with the reflexive personal pronoun (οἱ. Smyth 1195) and the singular verb (πλῆτο) alludes to Homeric phraseology (Smyth 959) used by A. to enhance his description of Medea’s emotions. The same is true of the following phrase (περιβρομέεσκον ἀκουαί), based on a famous poem of Sappho.

     18–19  πυκνὰ . . . ἀνίῃ: Medea doesn’t know which course of action to take. The anaphora of πυκνά must mark the rapidity with which she flits from one possibility to another. Pulling out the hair is a demonstration of grief from Homer onwards. A. describes this action with the help of an Homeric hapax legomenonκουρίξ

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    The meaning of this was disputed among ancient critics: some thought it meant ‘by the hair, by the roots’, others connected it with νεανικῶς or κουρικῶς, “like a young man," i.e. "vigorously”. Here, while the word plainly alludes to the fact that Medea is tearing out her own hair as part of her personal grief, the use of κούρη (20) may be an indirect allusion to the other interpretation. This constant reference to contemporary scholarly discussion, even at a moment of high drama, is a pervasive feature of A.’s writing. There also early evidence from Geometric art: the Dipylon krater (c. 750–35 B.C., Accession number: 14.130.14, Metropolitan Museum, New York) shows women (left side of illustration) tearing out their hair in grief. βρυχήσατ(ο): also marks the strength of Medea’s emotion. It is used to liken Ajax to a bull at Soph. Aj. 322 ὑπεστέναζε ταῦρος ὣς βρυχώμενος, ‘he was groaning like a bellowing bull’, and in the Iliad mostly of the death-cry of wounded men (13.392–3 κεῖτο τανυσθεὶς / βεβρυχώς, ‘he lay stretched out, bellowing like a bull’). However, Deianeira, the wronged wife of Heracles, about to commit suicide and in the same frame of mind as Medea is described thus at Soph. Tr. 904 βρυχᾶτο μὲν βωμοῖσι προσπίπτουσ’, ‘falling near the altar, she bellowed aloud’. Sophocles’ audience must have been shocked to hear the word used of a woman, and possibly A. has this moment in mind.

    20-1: καί νύ κεν . . .πασσαμένη: the suspense is heightened by the use of the particles νύ κεν with optative; see Smyth 2311.

    22: Φρίξοιο θεὰ σὺν παισί: the word order, the the subject placed within a preposition phrases, implicates the sons of Phrixos in the goddess’s machinations.

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    These lines give a twist to a familiar epic scenario. At Od. 5.436–7 ἔνθα κε δὴ δύστηνος ὑπὲρ μόρον ὤλετ᾽ Ὀδυσσεύς, / εἰ μὴ ἐπιφροσύνην δῶκε γλαυκῶπις Ἀθήνη, Odysseus is saved by the intervention of Athene and likewise Aeneas at Il. 5.311–2. καί νύ is striking. The sentence structure previously used to describe the preservation of such heroes as Aeneas and Odysseus on the battlefield is now used of a panic-stricken girl. For a heroine in Greek mythology contemplating or committing suicide, a rope or sword is a more common method. However, Medea, as a woman skilled in drugs, contemplates poison as means of taking her life.

     23–4: πτερόεις . . . ἰάνθη: usually the adjective πτερόεις denotes something moving quickly in a definite direction, such as an arrow or a word (Homer’s ‘winged words’) but here A. seems to be thinking of ἀναπτερόω, which can mean metaphorically ‘excite’ or ‘make agitated’ (Eur. Supp. 89 ‘how fluttering fear disquiets me’). οἱ: is the possessive dative (Smyth 1195), the enfolding order elegantly emphasising the meaning. ἡ φρήν originally denoted the chest or midriff and later came to mean ‘mind’. It is the centre of thought and emotion, and this is reflected in A.’s word order. 

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    Although φρεσὶ θυμὸς ἰάνθη and its variations occur in Homer at the end of the verse (Il. 23.600, 24.321, Od. 15.165), the only place with matching metrical quantity and enjambment is Il. 23.597–8 τοῖο δὲ θυμὸς / ἰάνθη, which must constitute some proof of an ancient reader’s knowledge of the Homeric poems. The rhythm is striking: a molossus (– – –) followed by dactyls in line 24 to denote the speed with which she transfers the drugs.

    24–5: μετὰ . . . φωριαμοῖο: μετά is used absolutely here, as an adverb (Smyth 1641). παλίσσυτος (‘in sudden rush’) must denote the sudden fresh burst of activity on Medea’s part. Read κόλπῳ for transmitted κόλπων and understand φωριαμοῖο as a genitive of origin / separation (Smyth 1392). 

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    Under Hera’s prompting, she makes her mind up and empties the drugs from the casket into the fold of her robe. Bearing in mind the adjective’s connection with σεύω, ἔσσυμαι, ‘put in motion, run or rush’, it should be understood as denoting hurried physical activity on Medea’s part. Similarly she rushes (40 δόμων ἐξέσσυτο) from the palace when she makes her final departure. The box is left behind, in the same way as the lock of hair (line 28). The separation of drugs from their coffer is a metaphor for the separation of magician from her native land. It is not surprising that there is a stress on her taking all the drugs together (ἀθρόα . . . φάρμακα πάντ᾽ ἄμυδις) from the coffer. She is going to need all her resources in the new life to which she is committing herself. The phrase emphasises that, as she prepares for flight, she is taking all her most precious possessions, packed into the capacious pocket of her chiton

    26–7  κύσσε . . . ἐπαφήσατο: two main verbs (κύσσε and ἐπαφήσατο) enclose the significant objects (possibly four; see below) which receive attention from Medea as she moves about her room. The placing of the words creates a chiasmus which emphasises the ritualistic feel about these lines, as Medea goes from one part of the room to another, bidding a formal farewell to her life as a young girl. 

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    Τhe idea, however, that she kisses the ‘double door posts’ presents a problem. In the transmitted text δικλίδας must agree with the σταθμούς. In this context, σταθμός apart from a reference in the Septuagint (LXX 4 Ki.12.9) always means ‘doorpost’. Homer always uses δικλίδες with words like θύραι (Od. 17.268, Arg. 1.786–7), πύλαι (Il. 12.455), σανίδες (Od. 2.345) to mean “double doors.” δικλίς, singular or plural, with or without a noun, is used of “a double or folding door.” Although A. takes a delight in varying Homeric phraseology, it seems foreign to his practice to create a formula (“double doorposts”) so different from the Homeric context. A possible solution would to be to emend the text and read δικλίδας· ἀμφοτέρων τε / σταθμῶν. The enjambment which this alteration creates helps to heighten the drama of the scene, breaking the description up into three phrases articulated by emphatic main verbs, the culminating colon being dramatically connected by τε (χερσί τε . . .); see further Hulse (2022) DOORS AND DOORPOSTS: A Note on the Opening of Book 4 of the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius

     

    27–9  χερσί . . . φωνῇ: an agonised cry (ἀδινῇ δ᾽ ὀλοφύρατο φωνῇ) to accompany a violent action (μακρὸν / ῥηξαμένη πλόκαμον)! Although the background to this scene is traditional, that of a young girl leaving the family home and making a ritual dedication, Medea’s gesture is more violent because she is a bride embarking on a formal ceremony against her will, as the words of her farewell show. Her dedication of the lock to her mother, rather than to a deity, provides a dramatic subject for her first reported words. The word θάλαμος often denotes the bedroom of the lady of the house and, as such, is an important place in a woman’s life. It is dramatically appropriate that Medea’s last farewells should take place there and that she should leave behind a memorial of her maidenhood (μνημήια μητρὶ . . . παρθενίης).

    30–2  τόνδε . . . δόμος: the demonstrative τόνδε, in an emphatic position at the beginning of the sentence combined with the interlaced phrasing of the opening clause (τόνδε agrees with πλόκον and encloses ἀντ᾿ ἐμέθεν) enhances the impact of Medea’s first directly reported words. This impact is further strengthened by the enjambment of μῆτερ ἐμή and the repetition of χαίροις (optative instead of the more usual χαῖρε), perhaps introducing an added note uncertainty about her personal future and that of her family. The mention of Chalciope - there has been complex interplay between the two sisters in Book 3 - and the use of the phrase πᾶς δόμος (‘all my house’) mark Medea’s intention to split from her entire family.

    32–4  αἴθε . . . χεῦεναἴθε (often εἴθε), with a past tense of the indicative, is used to introduce a wish, referring to the past that cannot be realised (Smyth 1780-1). The use of διέρραισεν shows the degree of Medea’s intensity. It is often has the sense of ‘total destruction.’ The infinitive with πρὶν in reference to an unfulfilled action is normal (see the example from the Odyssey quoted above and Smyth 2455).The whole sentiment is an echo of the ‘might-have-been’ thought from the opening of Euripides' Medea (Eur. Med. 1–15), 

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    which has its origin in Od. 18.401–2 (the suitors discussing Odysseus in disguise as a beggar) αἴθ᾽ ὤφελλ᾽ ὁ ξεῖνος ἀλώμενος ἄλλοθ᾽ ὀλέσθαι / πρὶν ἐλθεῖν, ‘Would that the stranger had perished elsewhere on his wanderings before he came here.’ Medea’s words are an expression of the common ancient wish to trace the origin of troubles back to an archē kakōn, ‘the beginning of evil’, (e.g. the Judgment of Paris) and also relate to the theme of an adventuring male arriving in a foreign land and encountering a foreign woman, often high born. She mentions Jason for the first time in Book 4, addresses him as ξεῖνε and curses him, even though later they will later form an alliance with based on mutual physical attraction mixed with a considerable degree of self-interest on both parts.

    34  κατ᾿ . . . χεῦεν: perhaps the verb is in tmesis, but on the basis of parallels such as Il. 17.437–8 δάκρυα δέ σφι / θερμὰ κατὰ βλεφάρων, κατά also governs βλεφάρων in anastrophe.

    35–6  οἵη . . . ληιάς: “just like a female prisoner-of-war”, introducing a simile that vividly portrays Medea’s state-of-mind but which contains some difficult points of interpretation.  In this simile, descriptive of Medea’s mental state, rather than her physical actions—A.’s switches back to those in line 40—she is likened to a slave girl unwillingly going to face an immediate harsh fate, as Medea unwillingly (cf. 32–3) goes to find Jason and throw in her lot with him. 

    35  ἀφνειοῖο . . . δόμοιο: “from a rich house.” The two words agree and, in some way, depend on διειλυσθεῖσα, which looks like an aorist passive participle and may be connected with εἰλύω.  

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    Nowhere, however, does εἰλύω (which in A. and late epic generally can equal ἐλύω) bear any meaning denoting motion, undertaken by Medea. Read διειρυσθεῖσα (my emendation for mss. διειλυσθεῖσα) which makes clearer the point of the simile that both girls go unwillingly to their respective fates. The slave-girl is “dragged through the rich house” to meet her mistress, after separation from her homeland. Medea leaves the house to find Jason. Medea hurries (ἐξέσσυτο), but this is of necessity. She goes to find Jason much against her will (cf. 20–33) and is similarly separated from her homeland.

    36  νέον: “recently.” The slave girl has just been separated (ἀπενόσφισεν) from her homeland and Medea is just about to leave hers. She returns to this theme later in tirade against Jason at 4.362 νοσφισάμην (n. 360). “fate”and μοῖρα are equivalent in A. and other authors.

     37  μογεροῖο . . . καμάτοιο: two separated genitives (with the epic ending) in agreement as in 35. The slave girl will be afflicted with κάματος, as will Medea (1n.). πεπείρηται: < πειράομαι: 3rd per. sing. perf. indic. “She has not experienced (lit. made trial of) wretched labour.”

    38-9  ἀηθέσσουσα δύης καὶ δούλια ἔργα / εἶσιν ἀτυζομένη: “unused to wretchedness and fearing the work of slaves, she goes . . .” closely parallels Medea’s fate. As a princess, she had a band of μφίπολοι to do her bidding (3.838). ηθέσσουσα is hapax in Homer (Il. 10.493) and takes the genitive.The enjambment, taking δούλια ἔργα with τυζόμενη, (cf. 4.512 τυζόμενοι χόλον ἄγριον Αἰήταο) is in A.’s style. εἶσιν: < εἶμι: press. act. indic. 3rd singular.

    39  χαλεπὰς ὑπὸ χεῖρας νάσσης: ὑ. governs the entire phrase. It also has significance for Medea’s plight. The ἄνασσα is possibly Hera (cf. 4.21) or more probably Aphrodite forcing her into the arms of Jason, although she does not want to go. Aphrodite is often spoken of as a cruel goddess.

    40 ἱμερόεσσα: A. is reminding us that in spite of her distress, Medea retains her beauty and that at 92 Jason has a tangible reason for rejoicing. The description of the simile concentrates on her inner state of mind; the main text on her outward appearance.

    40  δόμων: gen. of separation after ἐξέσσυτο: < ἐκσεύομαι: imperf. ind mid. 3rd sg.

    41–2 τῇ . . . ἀοιδαῖς: emphasis now turns to Medea’s magical powers. The bolts of the door (θυρέων . . . ὀχῆες) yield (ὑπόειξαν) to her speedy spells (ὠκείαις . . . ἀοιδαῖς), leaping apart (ἀναθρώσκοντες), almost personified. Medea is a witch, after all.

    42  ὠκείαις . . . οιδαῖς: the adjective and noun agree: A. is fond of structuring the line with adjective and noun at opposite ends (3.1285, 3.1325, 4.97, 4.452, 4.623); The adjective functions as a transferred epithet-adverb.

    43  γυμνοῖσιν . . . οἴμους: one way to describe haste is to say that the individual concerned did not have time to put on their shoes. ἀνὰ στεινὰς . . . οἴμους: “along the narrow streets” stresses the clandestine nature of Medea’s escape. θέεν: is unaugmented imperfect < θέω.

    44–5  λαιῇ . . . χιτῶνος: Medea is in disguise and, therefore hides beneath her drapped cloak. She raises the hem of her garment so she may flee all the faster. There are perhaps some similarities with this small bronze statue (see under Media tab). While the figure is usually believed to be that of a dancer, the pose that she adopts fits A.’s description of Medea. Movement and concealment are combined with a hint of seduction.

    46  ἄκρην ὑψόθι πέζαν ἀερτάζουσα χιτῶνος: a beautifully balanced line typical of Hellenistic Greek poetry.

    46 ἄκρην . . . πέζαν . . . χιτῶνος is the object of ἀερτάζουσα, a rare word also found in Callimachus. This intricately worded description (λαιῇ μὲν ~ δεξιτερῇ; στειλαμένη ~ ἀερτάζουσα), as well as aptly describing Medea’s movement, may indeed reflect the pose of a statue that A. knew.

    47  καρπαλίμως δ᾿ἀΐδηλον ἀνὰ στίβον: the pace of Medea’s escape picks up (καρπαλίμως). She is soon “outside the walls” (ἔκτοθι πύργων). 

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    We might read ἀΐδηλος rather than transmitted ἀΐδηλον. In the present case what is ‘unseen’ is not the path but Medea (48 οὐδέ τις ἔγνω reinforces the fact that no one sees her). She is wrapped up in her cloak. A. nowhere else combines στίβος with an adjective (see 1.781, 1253, 3.534, 3.927, 3.1218). Perhaps the line was in Virgil’s mind when he wrote Aen. 6.268 ibant obscuri sola sub nocte, “obscured they walked in the desolate night," where obscuri is Virgil’s equivalent of ἀΐδηλος. The transferred sense of sola sub nocte stresses that the walkers are alone. See further Hulse 2020.

    48  ἄστεος εὐρυχόροιο: depends on πύργων. The use of the epithet with ἄστεος stresses the richness of the life that Medea is leaving behind her for the sake of the Greek foreigner. φόβῳ κίεν: “she went in fear.” κίεν is my emendation for transmitted ἵκετ᾽. “She arrived in fear” is a curious statement. What is required is a verb not of arrival, but of progression as at 4.1182–3 ἥρωας δὲ γυναῖκες ἀολλέες ἔκτοθι πύργων / βαῖνον ἐποψόμεναι. 

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    There has already been a reference to the speed of Medea’s progress (ἐξέσσυτο κούρη) and she has not yet arrived at her destination. The corruption is easily explained. ΦΟΒΩΙΚΙΕΝ was wrongly divided as ΦΟΒΩ / ΙΚΙΕΝ which led to ΦΟΒΩΙ ΙΚΕΤ᾽. For κίεν with ἀνά cf. 1.310 τοῖος ἀνὰ πληθὺν δήμου κίεν. The phrase οὐδέ τις ἔγνω, “none of the guards recognised her” recalls "Doors and Doorposts: A Note on the Opening of Book 4 of the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius." Symbolae Osloenses (2022): 1-8. Il. 24.690–1 Ἑρμείας ζεῦξ’ ἵππους ἡμιόνους τε, / ῥίμφα δ᾽ ἄρ’ αὐτὸς ἔλαυνε κατὰ στρατόν, οὐδέ τις ἔγνω where the context is similar: Priam and his herald escape the Greek camp by night after their visit to Achilles. Darkness and secrecy pervade the opening of Book 4; this atmosphere is only dispelled when Jason and Medea gain the Fleece with its illuminating radiance at 4.167–86.

    49  λάθε: < λανθάνω: aor. act. ind. 3rd. sg. For the construction with participle, see Smyth 2096. For the way in which she slips past the guards see the illustration under the Media tab on this page. 

    49  ὁρμηθεῖσα: “as she went on her way" (lit., "having been set in motion”) < ὁρμάω: aor. pass. participle nominative singular. The participle is a further indication that she is still in motion and has not yet arrived. Σφεας is the accus. plur. of the epic pronoun σφεῖς.

    51  ἦεν ὁδῶν:  A. often uses enjambment to mark this important change of tack. She was (ἦεν < εἰμί: imperf. act. ind. 3rd. sg.) not only knowledgeable (ἄιδρις) about the best route (ὁδῶν, depending on ἄιδρις) but experienced in other bizarre magical practices.

    51  ἀλωμένη ἀμφί τε νεκροὺς: Part of the rites of ancient witches involved corpses. (Ogden 1999,19). At 3.531–3 Argos talks of Medea’s extraordinary skills as a witch. This is one of the first things that we hear of her in the poem. Medea is at once witch and love-sick maiden. θαμὰ: marks recurrent actions and feelings as it does at line 59.  

    52  δυσπαλέας ῥίζας χθονός: In Sophocles’ fragmentary drama Root-cutters, Medea is described cropping evil plants while turning away, so that the power of their noxious smell will not kill her (F534.1–6 TrGF = Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta): αἱ δὲ καλυπταὶ / κίσται ῥιζῶν κρύπτουσι τομάς, / ἃς ἥδε βοῶσ᾿ ἀλαλαζομένη / γυμνὴ χαλκέοις ἤμα δρεπάνοις, “And the hidden boxes conceal the cuttings of the roots, which she, uttering loud ritual cries, naked, was severing with bronze sickles.” “Grubbing up roots” is the sort of thing that witches do, especially in Thessaly (Dio Chrys. 58.4.1 ῥίζας ὀρύττειν, ὥσπερ αἱ φαρμακίδες.)

    52–53  οἷα γυναῖκες: “like women do.” Women do not usually hunt for dead bodies or exotic roots but they do if they are φαρμακίδες: enjambment is used to produce an amusing paraprosdokian noun-adjective combination.

    53  τρομερῷ δ᾿: δέ marks a strong contrast: Medea is used to wandering around in this area, searching for raw materials; but fear now makes her heart beat.

    54–6  τὴν δὲ νέον Τιτηνὶς: The introduction of the goddess of the Moon alters the mood entirely. She is “Titanian” because she is the offspring of the Titan Hyperion and Theia. The past misfortunes of the goddess and her present unexalted emotion adds a delightful twist to the narrative whose chief note has previously been pathos, fear and excitement. The intricacy of the word order of heightens the bizarreness and the surprise: τήν refers to Medea, who is then ‘trapped’ (φοιταλέην) between the two references to the Moon (Τιτηνὶς . . . Μήνη). Lovers address the Moon, stars and night as a way of relieving their feelings. On this critical occasion the Moon addresses the lover. We can only guess at the actual extent of Α.’s originality. He may have had a precedent in New Comedy. The prologue in Plautus’ Rudens, spoken by the star Arcturus, goes back to Diphilos.

    56  ἁρπαλέως: usually used of a ‘strong appetite’ emphasises the relish with which the Moon speaks.

    56  τοῖα μετὰ φρεσὶν ᾗσιν ἔειπεν: “such were her unspoken thoughts" (lit. "she spoke such things in her mind"). ᾗσιν: = ἑῇσιν, fem. dat. pl. < ἑός. (Smyth 330). This half line marks the beginning of an interior monologue on the part of the Moon.

    κάματος, -ου, ὁ, toil, trouble, labour

    θεά, -ᾶς, ἡ, goddess

    δήνεα, τά, schemes, counsels, plans, arts

    κούρη, -ης ἡ, girl

    Κολχίς, -ίδος, ἡ, a female Colchian

    ἐννέπω, to tell, tell of, relate, describe

    Μοῦσα, -ης, ἡ, Muse

    Ζεύς, Διός, ὁ, Zeus

    τέκος, -εος, τό, child

    ἀμφασίη, -ης, ἡ, speechlessness

    νόος, -ου, ὁ, mind, perception

    ἔνδον, within, at home

    ἑλίσσω, to turn round

    ὁρμαίνω, to turn over, to ponder

    μιν, (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself.

    ἄτη, -ης, ἡ, blindness, destruction

    πῆμα, τό, suffering, misery, calamity

    δυσίμερος, -ον, ill-starred, that suffers unhappy desire

    φύζα, ἡ, headlong flight, rout 5

    ἀεικέλιος, -η, -ον, woeful, ill-favored, disgraceful

    καταλείπω, καλλείψω, κάλλιπον, to leave behind

    ἔθνος, -ους, τό, tribe, nation

    Κόλχος, -ου, ὁ, Colchian

    ἤτοι, now, surely, truly

    δῆμος, -ου, ὁ, common people

    μετά, among, after, in pursuit of

    ὅσσος, -η -ον, as many as

    παννύχιος, -ον, all night long

    δόλος, -ου, ὁ, trick

    αἰπύς, -εῖα -ύ, sheer, utter

    σφεῖς, they

    μητιάω, to plan

    μέγαρον, -ου, τό, a large room, hall, feast-hall

    στυγερός, -ή, -όν, hated, terrible, loathed

    θυμός, -οῦ, ὁ, heart, spirit

    ἄεθλος, -ου, ὁ, contest

    Αἰήτης, ὁ, Aeetes, son of Helios and Perse

    ἄμοτον, insatiably, incessantly

    χολόω, to make angry, provoke

    πάμπαν, wholly, altogether

    νόσφι, apart, away 10

    ἑός, ἑή, ἑόν, his, her, own

    τελέω, τελέσω, ἐτέλεσα, fulfil

    ἔλπω, to hope (see notes)

    ἀλεγεινός, -ή, -όν, hard, painful

    κραδίη, -ης, ἡ, heart

    ἐμβάλλω, ἐμβαλῶ, ἐνέβαλον, cast, throw in,

    τρέω --- ἔτρεσα, flee from fear, dread

    ἠύτε, as, like as

    κοῦφος, -ή, -όν, light, nimble

    κεμάς, -άδος, ἡ, a young deer

    βαθύς, βαθεῖα, βαθύ, deep, high

    τάρφος,  -εος, τό, a thicket

    ξύλοχος, -ος, ἡ, a thicket, copse

    ὁμοκλή, -ης, ἡ, call, cry, shout

    νημερτής, unerring, infallible, truthful

    οἴομαι, οἰήσομαι, impf. ᾤμην, aor. ᾠήθην,  think, believe

    ἀρωγή, -ης, ἡ, help, aid, succour, protection

    αἶψα, forthwith, at once, directly 15

    ἀναπίμπλημι, accomplish (what is destined)

    κακότης, -ητος, ἡ, evil, badness

    ταρβέω, to be frightened, alarmed, terrified

    ἀμφίπολος, ἡ, female attendant, handmaid

    ἐπιίστωρ, ορος, ὁ, ἡ, having knowledge of what has happened

    οἱ, to or for him(self), her(self), it(self); dat. sg., equivalent to αὐτῷ

    ὄσσε, τώ, the (two) eyes

    πίμπλημι, πλήσω, ἔπλησα, to fill

    περιβρομέω, buzz, reverberate

    ἀκουή, -ής, ἡ, hearing

    πυκνός, -ή, -όν, close, compact, dense

    λαυκανίη, ἡ, the throat

    ἐπιμαίομαι, grasp, aim at

    κουρίξ, by the hair

    ἕλκω, ἕλξω, εἵλκυσα, drag, tear

    πλόκαμος, -ου, ὁ, a lock

    γοερός, ά, όν, mournful, lamentable

    βρυχάομαι, to roar, bellow

    ἀνίη, -ης, ἡ, torment, vexation;

    αὐτοῦ, at the very place, here, there

    τῆμος, then, at that time, usu. correlated with μος 20

    μόρος, -ου, ὁ, fate, destiny

    ὄλλυμι, ὀλῶ, ὤλεσα, destroy, lose

    φάρμακον, -ου, τό, drug

    πατέομαι, fut. mid. πᾰ́σομαι, aor. mid. ἐπᾰσάμην, epic also πασσάμην, to eat, taste

    ἁλιόω, aor. ἡλίωσα, epic ἁλίωσα, to make fruitless, frustrate, disappoint

    μενοινή, -ης, ἡ, eager desire

    Φριξός, -ου, ὁ, Phrixos 

    φέβομαι, to be put to flight

    ὄρνυμι, arouse, stir up

    ἀτύζομαι, to be distraught from fear, bewildered

    πτερόεις, -όεσσα, -όεν, winged, fluttering

    φρήν, φρενός, ἡ, thinking-thing, heart, core

    θυμός, -οῦ, ὁ, heart, spirit

    ἰαίνω, to heat, warm

    παλίσσυτος, -ον, [πάλιν, σεύομαι], that rushes back, that moves backward

    ἀθρόος, -α, -ον, crowded together, many

    κόλπος, -ου, ὁ, lap, bosom, fold, of clothing

    ἄμυδις, together, at the same time 25

    καταχέω, impf. κατέχεον, mid. pass. κατεχεόμην, aor. κατέχεα and κατέχευα, to pour down upon

    φωριαμός, ἡ, a chest, trunk, coffer

    κυνέω, to kiss

    λέχος, -εος, τό, a couch, bed

    δικλίς, -ίδος, ἡ, double-folding

    ἀμφοτέρωθεν, from both sides

    σταθμός, -ου, ὁ, a doorpost

    τοῖχος, -ου, ὁ, the wall of a house

    ἐπαφάω, to touch on the surface, stroke

    ῥήγνυμι, tear

    θάλαμος, -ου ὁ, bed chamber

    μνημήϊον, τό, reminder

    καταλείπω, καλλείψω, κάλλιπον, to leave behind

    παρθενίη, -ης, ἡ, virginity, maidenhood

    ἀδινός, -ή -όν, vehement

    ὀλοφύρομαι, to lament, wail, moan, weep

    φωνή, -ῆς, ἡ, sound, voice

    τοι, certainly, exactly, really, look, believe me

    ταναός, -ή, -όν, slender 30

    πλόκος, ὁ, a lock of hair

    ἄνδιχα, apart

    Χαλκιόπη, ἡ, Chalkiope 

    δόμος, -ου, ὁ, house, home

    αἴθε, if only!

    πόντος, -ου, ὁ, sea, the deep

    ξεῖνος, -ου, ὁ, stranger, guest-friend, foreigner

    διαρραίω, to dash in pieces, destroy

    γαῖα, -ας, ἡ, earth

    ἱκνέομαι, ἵξομαι, ἱκόμην, arrive

    βλέφαρον, το, mostly in pl. the eyelids

    ἀθρόος, -α, -ον, crowded together, many

    δάκρυον, τό, a tear

    κατάχέω, -ἔχεα, -ἐχύθην, to pour down

    οἷος, -η, -ον, just as, of what sort, like,

    ἀφνειός, -όν, also -ή, -όν, rich, wealthy 35

    διειλυσθεῖσα, requires emendation: see notes

    ληϊάς, -άδος, ἡ slave girl, captive

    νέον, recently

    πάτρη, ἡ, fatherland, native land, country, home

    ἀπονοσφίζω, separate from

    αἶσα, -ης, ἡ, share, portion, fate

    πω, up to this time, yet

    μογερός, -ά, -όν, toiling, wretched

    πειράω, πειράσω, ἐπείρασα, experience, make trial

    ἀηθέσσω, to be unaccustomed to

    δύη, -ης, ἡ, woe, misery, anguish, pain

    δούλιος, -α, -ον, to do with a slave

    ἔργον -ου, τό, work, deed

    χαλεπός, -ή, -όν, difficult

    ἄνασσα, -ης, ἡ, a queen, lady, mistress

    τοῖος, -α, -ον, such, in such a way.

    ἄρα, well then, really

    ἱμερόεις, -εις, -εσσα, -εν, exciting love40

    ἐκσεύομαι, to rush out

    αὐτόματος, -η, -ον, automatic, of oneself

    θύρα, -ας, ἡ, door

    ὑπείκω,  to give way

    ὀχεύς, -έως, ὁ, bolt

    ἄψορρος, -ον, going back, backwards

    ἀναθρώσκω, to spring up, bound up, rebound

    ἀοιδή, ἡ, song, spell

    γυμνός, -ή -όν, naked, unarmed

    στενός, -ή, -όν, narrow

    θέω, θεύσομαι, to run

    οἶμος, ὁ, a way, road, path

    λαιός, -ά, -όν, left

    πέπλος, ὁ, cloak

    ὀφρύς, ύος, ἡ, the brow, eyebrow

    μέτωπον, τό, the brow, forehead

    στέλλω, στελῶ, ἔστειλα, send 45

    παρήιον, τό, the cheek

    δεξιτερός, -ά, -όν, right

    ἄκρος, -α, -ον, the edge, the furthest point

    ὑψόθι, aloft, on high

    πέζα, -ης, ἡ, edge

    ἀερτάζω, to lift up

    χιτών, -ῶνος ὁ, chiton, tunic

    καρπάλιμος, -όν, swift

    ἀΐδηλος, -ον, making unseen, annihilating, destructive, unseen

    στίβος, -ου, ὁ, a trodden way, track, path

    ἔκτοθι, out of, outside

    πύργος, -ου ὁ, tower

    ἄστυ, -εως τό, town

    εὐρύχορος, -ον, with broad places, spacious

    φυλακτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ, guard

    ὁρμάω, ὁρμήσω, ὥρμησα, start, rush

    ἔνθεν, from there

    νειός, ἡ, plain, fallow land

    φράζω, φράσω, ἔφρασα, think, consider, ponder

    ἄϊδρις, -ι, unknowing, ignorant 50

    θαμά, often

    ἀλάομαι , to wander, stray

    νεκρός -οῦ ὁ, corpse

    δυσπαλής, -ές, hard to wrestle with

    ῥίζα, -ης, ἡ, a root

    χθών, χθονός ἡ, the earth, ground

    φαρμακίς, -ίδος, ἡ, a sorceress, witch

    τρομερός, -ά, -όν, trembling

    δεῖμα, -ατος, τό, fear, affright

    πάλλω, to shake, sway, leap

    νέον, recently

    Τῑτανίς, -ίδος ἡ, Titanian (Name of the Moon: see notes)

    ἀνέρχομαι, to go up raise

    περάτηθεν, from beyond, from the far side

    φοιταλέος, -ά, -όν, roaming wildly about 55

    εἰσοράω, to look into, look upon, view, behold

    ἐπιχαίρω, to rejoice over, exult over

    Μήνη, -ης, ἡ, the Μoon

    ἁρπαλέος, -ά, -όν, greedy

    φρήν, φρενός, ἡ, mind

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    Suggested Citation

    Peter Hulse. Apollonius: Argonautica Book IV. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2024. ISBN: 978-1-947822-21-4. https://dcc.dickinson.edu/apollonius-argonautica/argonautica-iv-1-56