τὴν δ᾽ αὖτε προσέειπε διάκτορος ἀργεϊφόντης:145
"οὕτω νῦν ἀπόπεμπε, Διὸς δ᾽ ἐποπίζεο μῆνιν,
μή πώς τοι μετόπισθε κοτεσσάμενος χαλεπήνῃ."
ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἀπέβη κρατὺς ἀργεϊφόντης:
ἡ δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ Ὀδυσσῆα μεγαλήτορα πότνια νύμφη
ἤι᾽, ἐπεὶ δὴ Ζηνὸς ἐπέκλυεν ἀγγελιάων.150
τὸν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἀκτῆς εὗρε καθήμενον: οὐδέ ποτ᾽ ὄσσε
δακρυόφιν τέρσοντο, κατείβετο δὲ γλυκὺς αἰὼν
νόστον ὀδυρομένῳ, ἐπεὶ οὐκέτι ἥνδανε νύμφη.
ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τοι νύκτας μὲν ἰαύεσκεν καὶ ἀνάγκῃ
ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι παρ᾽ οὐκ ἐθέλων ἐθελούσῃ:155
ἤματα δ᾽ ἂμ πέτρῃσι καὶ ἠιόνεσσι καθίζων
δάκρυσι καὶ στοναχῇσι καὶ ἄλγεσι θυμὸν ἐρέχθων
πόντον ἐπ᾽ ἀτρύγετον δερκέσκετο δάκρυα λείβων.
ἀγχοῦ δ᾽ ἱσταμένη προσεφώνεε δῖα θεάων·
"κάμμορε, μή μοι ἔτ᾽ ἐνθάδ᾽ ὀδύρεο, μηδέ τοι αἰὼν160
φθινέτω: ἤδη γάρ σε μάλα πρόφρασσ᾽ ἀποπέμψω.
ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε δούρατα μακρὰ ταμὼν ἁρμόζεο χαλκῷ
εὐρεῖαν σχεδίην· ἀτὰρ ἴκρια πῆξαι ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς
ὑψοῦ, ὥς σε φέρῃσιν ἐπ᾽ ἠεροειδέα πόντον.
αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ σῖτον καὶ ὕδωρ καὶ οἶνον ἐρυθρὸν165
ἐνθήσω μενοεικέ᾽, ἅ κέν τοι λιμὸν ἐρύκοι,
εἵματά τ᾽ ἀμφιέσω· πέμψω δέ τοι οὖρον ὄπισθεν,
ὥς κε μάλ᾽ ἀσκηθὴς σὴν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκηαι,
αἴ κε θεοί γ᾽ ἐθέλωσι, τοὶ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἔχουσιν,
οἵ μευ φέρτεροί εἰσι νοῆσαί τε κρῆναί τε."170
ὣς φάτο, ῥίγησεν δὲ πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς,
καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·
"ἄλλο τι δὴ σύ, θεά, τόδε μήδεαι, οὐδέ τι πομπήν,
ἥ με κέλεαι σχεδίῃ περάαν μέγα λαῖτμα θαλάσσης,
δεινόν τ᾽ ἀργαλέον τε· τὸ δ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἐπὶ νῆες ἐῖσαι175
ὠκύποροι περόωσιν, ἀγαλλόμεναι Διὸς οὔρῳ.
οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἐγὼν ἀέκητι σέθεν σχεδίης ἐπιβαίην,
εἰ μή μοι τλαίης γε, θεά, μέγαν ὅρκον ὀμόσσαι
μή τί μοι αὐτῷ πῆμα κακὸν βουλευσέμεν ἄλλο."
ὣς φάτο, μείδησεν δὲ Καλυψὼ δῖα θεάων,180
χειρί τέ μιν κατέρεξεν ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν·
"ἦ δὴ ἀλιτρός γ᾽ ἐσσὶ καὶ οὐκ ἀποφώλια εἰδώς,
οἷον δὴ τὸν μῦθον ἐπεφράσθης ἀγορεῦσαι.
ἴστω νῦν τόδε γαῖα καὶ οὐρανὸς εὐρὺς ὕπερθε
καὶ τὸ κατειβόμενον Στυγὸς ὕδωρ, ὅς τε μέγιστος185
ὅρκος δεινότατός τε πέλει μακάρεσσι θεοῖσι,
μή τί τοι αὐτῷ πῆμα κακὸν βουλευσέμεν ἄλλο.
ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν νοέω καὶ φράσσομαι, ἅσσ᾽ ἂν ἐμοί περ
αὐτῇ μηδοίμην, ὅτε με χρειὼ τόσον ἵκοι·
καὶ γὰρ ἐμοὶ νόος ἐστὶν ἐναίσιμος, οὐδέ μοι αὐτῇ190
θυμὸς ἐνὶ στήθεσσι σιδήρεος, ἀλλ᾽ ἐλεήμων."
notes
Kalypso tells Odysseus she will send him safely on his way. Odysseus is suspicious of her intentions, and makes her swear an oath that she has no further plans to harm him.
Hermes departs, no doubt relieved. After his elaborate entrance, one verse is enough to get him offstage (148). His brief but vivid appearance has served Homer’s purposes and now he can vanish. The poet turns his attention to the relationship between Calypso and Odysseus, a charged one, as we now discover. She finds him on the seashore:
read full essay
τὸν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἀκτῆς εὗρε καθήμενον: οὐδέ ποτ᾽ ὄσσε
δακρυόφιν τέρσοντο, κατείβετο δὲ γλυκὺς αἰὼν
νόστον ὀδυρομένῳ, ἐπεὶ οὐκέτι ἥνδανε νύμφη.
ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τοι νύκτας μὲν ἰαύεσκεν καὶ ἀνάγκῃ
ἐν σπέσσι γλαφυροῖσι παρ᾽ οὐκ ἐθέλων ἐθελούσῃ:
ἤματα δ᾽ ἂμ πέτρῃσι καὶ ἠιόνεσσι καθίζων
δάκρυσι καὶ στοναχῇσι καὶ ἄλγεσι θυμὸν ἐρέχθων
πόντον ἐπ᾽ ἀτρύγετον δερκέσκετο δάκρυα λείβων.
She found him sitting on the shore; nor were his eyes
ever dry of tears, and his sweet life ebbed away
as he wept for a way home, since the nymph no longer pleased.
But night after night he slept beside her in the hollow cave
by necessity; she wanted him, but he was unwilling.
Sitting every day on the rocky seashore,
tearing his heart out with tears and groans and sorrow
as he gazed, weeping, upon the barren sea.
Odyssey 5.151–58
After witnessing her wrenching exchange with Hermes, we know that Calypso loves Odysseus, and now we might wonder how he feels about her. The phrase, οὐκέτι ἥνδανε (153) would seem to settle the issue. But the adverb also casts some doubt perhaps on how long he has been suffering under the nymph’s sway and might make us curious about what their life together was like before he withdrew his affections. This relationship, which we are seeing played out before us, seems to have a complicated history and stirs a tickle of curiosity: He is “unwilling” (154) now. What broke the spell for Odysseus? What kind of control did Calypso have over him? Did he once love her or was it only a physical bond? Was the sex always “forced” (ἀνάγκῃ, 154)? The answers, if we could have them, would make no difference to the advancing of the plot. But the mere suggestion that there is this kind of complicated backstory charges the rest of their interactions with tension, which Homer will use to deepen his portrait of Odysseus and his loving captor.
If we had any doubt about Calypso’s continuing love for Odysseus, her first words to him remove it:
"κάμμορε, μή μοι ἔτ᾽ ἐνθάδ᾽ ὀδύρεο, μηδέ τοι αἰὼν
φθινέτω: ἤδη γάρ σε μάλα πρόφρασσ᾽ ἀποπέμψω.”
“Poor fellow, please do not mourn any longer, nor waste
your life away, since I will send you on with my whole heart.”
Odyssey 5.160–61
Though hemmed in by Zeus’s command, the nymph presumably still has plenty of leverage in this relationship and could take out her anger toward the gods on Odysseus. Her obvious affection shows her rising above those impulses. Not only will she not stand in the way of his leaving, but—contrary to the spirit of her response to Hermes—she will help him build a boat to sail away in. In response, Odysseus is alarmingly blunt. Rather than acknowledging Calypso’s solicitous affection, he lashes out. The goddess’s offer looks like another plot against him! He does not trust her to keep her promise and demands that she swear an oath not to harm him. These words seem to signal either recklessness or despair, hardly evidence of the smooth talker we have been led to expect. Is he willing to risk never leaving the island?
We needn’t have worried:
ὣς φάτο, μείδησεν δὲ Καλυψὼ δῖα θεάων,
χειρί τέ μιν κατέρεξεν ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν·
"ἦ δὴ ἀλιτρός γ᾽ ἐσσὶ καὶ οὐκ ἀποφώλια εἰδώς,
οἷον δὴ τὸν μῦθον ἐπεφράσθης ἀγορεῦσαι."
So he spoke and Calypso, shining among goddesses, smiled,
caressing him with her hand and speaking to him by name.
“You are naughty and no fool besides,
the way you speak to me and reason with me.”
Odyssey 5.180–83
The dynamic between the two here resembles Odysseus’s exchanges with Athena, his most passionate advocate, in Book 13 (13.287–351). In both cases, the hero’s suspicion is met by affection, amusement at his cheekiness, and even a certain admiration. Athena will be by his side the rest of the way home, clearing the way for his triumph in Ithaka. Because both Calypso and Athena have power over Odysseus, their forbearance carries a whiff of the maternal. We will learn in Book 11 that the hero’s mother Antikleia is already dead but her ghost still yearns for him and worries over his future. Other female figures fill the role of ally and protector in her absence, Calypso, Leukothea, Nausicaa, Arete, Circe. In each of these cases, the primary role these characters play is not maternal, and the resulting relationships reflect an array of emotions along a continuum from sexual desire to familial affection. Odysseus’s journey home is punctuated by his interactions with powerful female figures, whose attentions are sometimes welcome to him, sometimes not—and sometimes both at the same time (see the Sirens, 12.39–54; 165–220). And all of them are partial realizations of his bond to Penelope. Through its hero’s many encounters with the feminine on his journey home, the Odyssey offers the richest meditation on the relationship between men and women in all of Greek literature. As Odysseus and Calypso spend their last day together, the portrait of their bond will deepen yet more.
Further Reading
Dimock, G. 1989. The Unity of the Odyssey, 63–75. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press.
Pucci, P. 1979. “The Song of the Sirens.” Arethusa 12: 121–132.
Van Nortwick, T. 2008. The Unknown Odysseus: Alternate Worlds in Homer’s Odyssey, 18–19. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
146 ἐποπίζεο: 2nd sing. pres. mid./pass. dep. imperat. > ἐποπίζομαι.
147 μή … χαλεπήνῃ: negative purpose clause. 3rd sing. aor. act. subj. > χαλεπαίνω.
147 τοι: “at you.”
150 ἤι[α]: impf. > εἶμι.
150 Ζηνὸς: gen. ( = Διός).
150 ἀγγελιάων: fem. gen. pl. ( > ἀγγελία) with ἐπέκλυεν, which takes a genitive.
152 δακρυόφιν: “from tears,” dat.
152 κατείβετο: “was flowing away,” “was slipping away.”
153 ὀδυρομένῳ: “(for him) while he was grieving for … ” The participle agrees with an unexpressed pronoun (i.e., οἱ) referring to Odysseus.
154 νύκτας: “during the nights,” accusative of extent of time.
154 ἰαύεσκεν: unaugmented 3rd sing. iterative impf. act. indic.
155 παρ᾽ οὐκ ἐθέλων ἐθελούσῃ: “unwillingly beside the willing nymph.” παρ᾽ modifies ἐθελούσῃ.
156 ἤματα: accusative of extent of time (like νύκτας in 154).
156 ἂμ: = ἀνά.
157 a repetition of line 83.
158 a repetition of line 84.
160 μοι: "on my account," ethical dat.
160 ὀδύρεο: 2nd sing. pres. mid./pass. dep. imperat. > ὀδύρομαι.
160 αἰὼν / φθινέτω: “let your life waste away.”
160 φθινέτω: 3rd sing. pres. act. imperat. > φθίω.
162 δούρατα: “planks,” acc. pl. > δόρυ.
162 ταμὼν: “having cut,” masc. nom. sing. aor. act. ptc. > τέμνω / τάμνω.
162 ἁρμόζεο: “bind together,” 2nd sing. pres. mid./pass. imperat. > ἁρμόζω.
163 πῆξαι: aor. infin. > πήγνυμι, used as an imperative.
164 φέρῃσιν: 3rd sing. pres. act. subj. > φέρω; subjunctive in a purpose clause introduced by ὥς.
166 ἐνθήσω: 1st sing. fut. act. indic. > ἐντίθημι.
166 μενοεικέ(α): neut. acc. pl., encompassing all of the singular neuter nouns in line 165.
166 ἅ κέν … ἐρύκοι: the potential optative in the relative clause ("which would stave off hunger") has the force of a relative clause of purpose ("to stave off hunger"). The singular verb has the neuter plural relative pronoun as its subject. See Monro 304.1.
167 εἵματά τ᾽ ἀμφιέσω: “and I will clothe you” (lit., “I will clothe you in clothes,” with εἵματά as an internal accusative).
167 ἀμφιέσω: 1st sing. fut. act. indic. > ἀμφιέννυμι.
168 a repetition of line 144 (with σὴν for ἣν).
169 αἴ κε θεοί γ᾽ ἐθέλωσι: the protasis of a future more vivid conditional (αἴ κε ( = ἐάν) + subj.), with the apodosis replaced with the purpose clause in line 168.
169 τοὶ: “who,” relative clause (the antecedent is θεοί).
170 μευ: = μου, genitive of comparison with φέρτεροί.
170 νοῆσαί τε κρῆναί τε: “at planning and accomplishing.” Epexegtical infinitives defining the meaning of the adjective φέρτεροί (Smyth 2001).
173 ἄλλο τι … τόδε μήδεαι: “you plot this thing as something else,” “you have something else in mind.”
173 μήδεαι: 2nd sing. pres. mid./pass. dep. indic. > μήδομαι.
174 ἥ: “you who …,” rel. pron.
174 σχεδίῃ: “on a raft,” dative of place where (or instrumental, “with a raft”).
174 περάαν: pres. infin. act. > περάω.
175 τὸ δ᾽ … ἐπὶ: “but over this (i.e., the sea).”
175 ἐῗσαι: = ἶσαι, "balanced."
177 οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἐγὼν … ἐπιβαίην, … / εἰ μή μοι τλαίης …: future less vivid conditional.
177 σχεδίης: “on the raft,” gen., with ἐπιβαίην.
178 εἰ μή: “unless”
178 ὅρκον ὀμόσσαι / μή … βουλευσέμεν: “to swear an oath not to plot.” The verb ὄμνυμι can be followed by (μή +) the future infinitive to indicate what is being sworn (LSJ ὄμνυμι ΙΙ.2).
179 τί … ἄλλο: “any other.”
181 ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν: “uttered it aloud,” tmesis > ἐξονομάζω. ἔπος τ᾽ ἔφατ᾽ ἔκ τ᾽ ὀνόμαζεν is a common line-ending formula in Homer.
183 οἷον …: “that …,” “seeing as how …” In Homer, οἷος “introduces the reason for saying what is said” (LSJ οἷος A.II.3).
184 ἴστω νῦν τόδε γαῖα…: “let the earth now know this…” (i.e., “I swear by the earth,” etc.). The nominatives γαῖα, οὐρανὸς, and ὕδωρ are all the subjects of the 3rd person imperative ἴστω.
187 μή … βουλευσέμεν: “that I will not plot…” A repetition of line 179. On the construction μή + infin. in the swearing of an oath, see Smyth 2716.
188 ἅσσ(α) ἂν ἐμοί περ / αὐτῇ μηδοίμην: “whatever I would plan even for myself,” “as I would plan even for myself.” Indefinite relative clause.
188 ἅσσα: neut. pl. indefinite rel. pron. ( = ἅτινα).
189 ὅτε με χρειὼ τόσον ἵκοι: “whenever the need comes to me to such an extent.” General temporal clause. τόσον is adverbial, modifying ἵκοι.
190 ἐμοὶ … μοι: datives of possession.
vocabulary
αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand145
προσεῖπον (aor. 2 of προσαγορεύω and προσφωνέω); Εp. προσέειπον: to speak to one, address, accost
διάκτορος –ου ὁ: the Messenger
Ἀργειφόντης –ου ὁ: slayer of Argus, epithet of Hermes
ἀποπέμπω ἀποπέμψω ἀπέπεμψα ἀποπέπομφα ἀποπέπεμμαι ἀπεπέμφθην: send away
Ζεύς Διός ὁ: Zeus
ἐποπίζομαι – – – – : to regard with awe, to reverence
μῆνις –ιος ἡ: wrath, anger
μετόπισθε: afterwards, later, in the future
κοτέω κοτήσω ἐκότησα, perf. part. κεκοτηώς: to bear a grudge against, to be angry or indignant at
χαλεπαίνω χαλεπανῶ ἐχαλέπηνα ἐχαλεπάνθην: to be severe, sore, grievous
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
φωνέω φωνήσω ἐφώνησα πεφώνηκα πεφώνημαι ἐφωνήθην: make a sound, speak
ἀποβαίνω ἀποβήσομαι ἀποέβην ἀποβέβηκα ––– –––: to leave, go away
κρατύς –ύος: strong, mighty
Ἀργειφόντης –ου ὁ: slayer of Argus, epithet of Hermes
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
μεγαλήτωρ –ορος: great - hearted, proud
πότνια –ας ἡ: mistress, queen
νύμφη –ης ἡ: a young wife, bride; nymph, a divinity of waters or woods
Ζεύς Διός ὁ: Zeus150
ἐπικλύω/ἐπακούω ἐπακούσομαι ἐπήκουσα ἐπακήκοα: listen to, hear (cp ἐπακούω)
ἀγγελία –ας ἡ: a message, tidings, news
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
ἀκτή –ῆς ἡ: headland, foreland, promontory
κάθημαι καθήσομαι ––– ––– ––– ––– imp ἐκαθήμην: be seated, sit; reside
ὄσσε, τώ: eyes [neuter dual nom./acc]
δάκρυον –ου τό: a tear
τέρσομαι τερσήσομαι ἐτέρσην: to be or become dry
κατείβω – – – – : to let flow down, shed
γλυκύς γλυκεῖα γλυκύ: sweet, pleasant
αἰών –ῶνος ὁ: life, lifetime, time
νόστος –ου ὁ: return (home)
ὀδύρομαι ὀδυροῦμαι ὠδυράμην ––– ––– κατωδύρθην/ὠδύρθην: grieve
ἁνδάνω ἁδήσω ἅδον/ἕαδον ἅδηκα/ἕαδα: to please, delight, gratify
νύμφη –ης ἡ: a young wife, bride; nymph, a divinity of waters or woods
τοι: let me tell you, surely
ἰαύω ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: to sleep, to pass the night
σπέος gen. σπείους, dat. σπῆι, pl. dat. σπέσσι and σπήεσσι, τό: a cave, cavern, grotto155
γλαφῠρός –ά –όν: hollow, deep
ἦμαρ –ατος τό: day
πέτρη –ης ἡ: rock, cliffs, shelf of rock
ἠϊών –όνος ἡ: shore, beach
καθίζω (Ion. κατίζω) καθιῶ (Ion. κατίσω) καθῖσα/ἐκάθισα (or κατῖσα) κεκάθικα: to sit down; to set, place
δάκρυον –ου τό: a tear
στοναχή –ῆς ἡ: a groaning, wailing
ἄλγος –ους τό: pain
ἐρέχθω – – – – : to rend, break
πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea
ἀτρύγετος [–η] –ον: yielding no harvest, unfruitful, barren
δέρκομαι δέρξομαι ἐδερξάμην/ἐδρακόμην δέδορκα ––– ἐδέρχθην/ἐδράκην: to watch, observe; to see the light (be alive); to discern, notice, perceive
δάκρυον –ου τό: a tear
λείβω ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: to pour, pour forth
ἀγχοῦ: near, nigh
προσφωνέω προσφωνήσω προσεφώνησα ––– ––– –––: to call
δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining
θεά –ᾶς ἡ: goddess
κάμμορος –ον: ill-fated160
ἐνθάδε: to here, to there
ὀδύρομαι ὀδυροῦμαι ὠδυράμην ––– ––– κατωδύρθην/ὠδύρθην: grieve
αἰών –ῶνος ὁ: life, lifetime, time
φθίω φθίσω έφθίκα ––– έφθιμαι έφθίμην: to decay, wane, dwindle
πρόφρασσα (fem. only): kindly, gracious
ἀποπέμπω ἀποπέμψω ἀπέπεμψα ἀποπέπομφα ἀποπέπεμμαι ἀπεπέμφθην: send away
ἄγε: come! come on! well!
δόρυ δόρατος τό: spear; timber, beam (of a ship)
ἁρμόζω ἁρμόσω ἥρμοσα ἥρμοκα ἥρμοσμαι ἡρμόσθην: to fit together, join
χαλκός –οῦ ὁ: bronze, copper, weapon
εὐρύς –εῖα –ύ: broad
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet, consequently
ἴκρια –ων τά: the half-decks
πήγνυμι πήξω ἔπηξα ––– πέπηγμαι ἐπάγην: to stick, implant, fix
ὑψοῦ: aloft, on high, afloat
ἠεροειδής –ές: of dark and cloudy look, cloud-streaked
πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet, consequently165
σῖτος –ου ὁ: grain; bread
οἶνος –ου ὁ: wine
ἐρυθρός –ά –όν: red
ἐντίθημι ἐνθήσω ἐνέθηκα ἐντέθεικα/ἐντέθηκα ἐντέθειμαι/ἔγκειμαι ἐνετέθην: to put in
μενοεικής –ές: pleasing, splendid, lavish
λιμός –οῦ ὁ/ἡ: hunger
ἐρύκω ἐρύξω ἔρυξα/ἤρυξα/ἐρύκακον/ἠρύκακον: to keep in, hold back, keep in check, curb, restrain
εἷμα –ατος τό: clothing
ἀμφιάζω ἀμφιάσω ἠμφίασα: to clothe
οὖρος –ου ὁ: a fair wind
ὄπι(σ)θε(ν): from behind, behind, afterward, hereafter; adv. or prep. +gen.
ἀσκηθής –ές: unhurt, unharmed, unscathed
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
ἱκνέομαι ἵξομαι ἱκόμην ––– ἷγμαι –––: to come, reach
εὐρύς –εῖα –ύ: broad
φέριστος –η –ον: better, bravest, more valiant170
νοέω νοοῦμαι ––– ––– ––– –––: perceive, observe, think
κραίνω κρανῶ ἔκρανα ––– ––– ἐκράνθην: to accomplish, fulfil, bring to pass
ῥιγέω ῥιγώσω ἐρρίγωσα ἐρρίγωκα: to shiver
πολύτλας –αντος: having borne much, much-enduring
δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
φωνέω φωνήσω ἐφώνησα πεφώνηκα πεφώνημαι ἐφωνήθην: make a sound, speak
πτερόεις πτερόεσσα πτερόεν: winged
προσαυδάω προσαυδήσω προσηύδησα προσηύδηκα προσηύδημαι προσηυδήθην: to speak to, address, accost
θεά –ᾶς ἡ: goddess
μήδομαι μήσομαι ἐμησάμην: to meditate, prepare, plot
πομπή –ῆς ἡ: escort, guidance; arrangement for one's departure
κέλομαι κελήσομαι ἐκελησάμην ἐκεκλόμην: command, urge on, exhort, call to
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
περάω περάσω (or περῶ) ἐπέρασα πεπέρακα ––– –––: to cross, go across; to penetrate
λαῖτμα –ατος τό: the depths of the sea
ἀργαλέος –α –ον: hard to endure or deal with, difficult175
ὠκύπορος –ον: quick-going
περάω περάσω (or περῶ) ἐπέρασα πεπέρακα ––– –––: to cross, go across; to penetrate
ἀγάλλω ἀγαλῶ ἤγηλα: to make glorious, glorify, exalt
Ζεύς Διός ὁ: Zeus
οὖρος –ου ὁ: a fair wind
ἀέκητι: against one's will
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
ἐπιβαίνω ἐπιβήσομαι ἐπέβην ἐπιβέβηκα ––– –––: to go on, enter, step up, mount, board (a ship) + gen.
τλάω τλήσομαι ἔτλην τέτληκα –––– ––––: to tolerate, endure, resist; to dare; to have the courage (+ infin.); (part.) τετληώς
θεά –ᾶς ἡ: goddess
ὅρκος –ου ὁ: oath
ὄμνυμι (or ὀμνύω) ὀμοῦμαι ὤμοσα ὀμώμοκα ὀμώμο(σ)μαι ὠμόθην: to swear
πῆμα –ατος τό: suffering, misery, calamity, woe, bane; cause of suffering
μειδάω μειδήσω ἐμείδησα: to smile180
Καλυψώ –οῦς ἡ: Calypso, a goddess, daughter of Atlas
δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining
θεά –ᾶς ἡ: goddess
μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
καταρρέζω καταρρέξω κατέρεξα: to pat with the hand, to stroke, caress
ἀλιτρός –όν: sinful, sinning
ἀποφώλιος –ον: empty, vain, idle, useless, fruitless
οἷος –α –ον: (such a kind) as; for οἷός τε see οἷος III.2
μῦθος –ου ὁ: spoken thing, speech, plan, story
ἐπιφράζω ἐπιφράσω ἐπέφρασα ἐπιπέφρακα ἐπιπέφρασμαι ἐπεφράσθην: to take note of something, think of, notice
ἀγορεύω ἀγορεύσω ἠγόρευσα ἠγόρευκα ἠγόρευμαι ἠγορεύθην: to speak, say
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
εὐρύς –εῖα –ύ: broad
ὕπερθεν: from above
κατείβω – – – – : to let flow down, shed185
Στύξ Στυγός ἡ: the Styx
ὅρκος –ου ὁ: oath
πέλω ––– ἔπλον ––– ––– –––: to be (the aor. has pres. signif.)
μάκαρ μάκαρος: blessed, happy; blessed ones, gods
πῆμα –ατος τό: suffering, misery, calamity, woe, bane; cause of suffering
νοέω νοοῦμαι ––– ––– ––– –––: perceive, observe, think
μήδομαι μήσομαι ἐμησάμην: to meditate, prepare, plot
χρεώ (or χρειώ) –οῦς ἡ: want, need, necessity
τόσος –η –ον: so great, so vast
ἵκω ἱξῶ ἷξον/ἷξα ἷγμαι: to come to
νόος νόου ὁ: mind, perception190
ἐναίσιμος –ον: fateful (bringing omens); just, righteous
στῆθος –ους τό: breast, chest; (pl.) heart, spirit
σιδήρεος –α –ον: made of iron
ἐλεήμων –ον: pitiful, merciful, compassionate