ὣς ἄρα μιν εἰπόντ᾽ ἔλασεν μέγα κῦμα κατ᾽ ἄκρης
δεινὸν ἐπεσσύμενον, περὶ δὲ σχεδίην ἐλέλιξε.
τῆλε δ᾽ ἀπὸ σχεδίης αὐτὸς πέσε, πηδάλιον δὲ315
ἐκ χειρῶν προέηκε· μέσον δέ οἱ ἱστὸν ἔαξεν
δεινὴ μισγομένων ἀνέμων ἐλθοῦσα θύελλα,
τηλοῦ δὲ σπεῖρον καὶ ἐπίκριον ἔμπεσε πόντῳ.
τὸν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὑπόβρυχα θῆκε πολὺν χρόνον, οὐδ᾽ ἐδυνάσθη
αἶψα μάλ᾽ ἀνσχεθέειν μεγάλου ὑπὸ κύματος ὁρμῆς·320
εἵματα γάρ ῥ᾽ ἐβάρυνε, τά οἱ πόρε δῖα Καλυψώ.
ὀψὲ δὲ δή ῥ᾽ ἀνέδυ, στόματος δ᾽ ἐξέπτυσεν ἅλμην
πικρήν, ἥ οἱ πολλὴ ἀπὸ κρατὸς κελάρυζεν.
ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὣς σχεδίης ἐπελήθετο, τειρόμενός περ,
ἀλλὰ μεθορμηθεὶς ἐνὶ κύμασιν ἐλλάβετ᾽ αὐτῆς,325
ἐν μέσσῃ δὲ καθῖζε τέλος θανάτου ἀλεείνων.
τὴν δ᾽ ἐφόρει μέγα κῦμα κατὰ ῥόον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα.
ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ὀπωρινὸς Βορέης φορέῃσιν ἀκάνθας
ἂμ πεδίον, πυκιναὶ δὲ πρὸς ἀλλήλῃσιν ἔχονται,
ὣς τὴν ἂμ πέλαγος ἄνεμοι φέρον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα·330
ἄλλοτε μέν τε Νότος Βορέῃ προβάλεσκε φέρεσθαι,
ἄλλοτε δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ Εὖρος Ζεφύρῳ εἴξασκε διώκειν.
τὸν δὲ ἴδεν Κάδμου θυγάτηρ, καλλίσφυρος Ἰνώ,
Λευκοθέη, ἣ πρὶν μὲν ἔην βροτὸς αὐδήεσσα,
νῦν δ᾽ ἁλὸς ἐν πελάγεσσι θεῶν ἒξ ἔμμορε τιμῆς.335
ἥ ῥ᾽ Ὀδυσῆ᾽ ἐλέησεν ἀλώμενον, ἄλγε᾽ ἔχοντα,
αἰθυίῃ δ᾽ ἐικυῖα ποτῇ ἀνεδύσετο λίμνης,
ἷζε δ᾽ ἐπὶ σχεδίης πολυδέσμου εἶπέ τε μῦθον·
"κάμμορε, τίπτε τοι ὧδε Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων
ὠδύσατ᾽ ἐκπάγλως, ὅτι τοι κακὰ πολλὰ φυτεύει;340
οὐ μὲν δή σε καταφθίσει μάλα περ μενεαίνων.
ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ ὧδ᾽ ἔρξαι, δοκέεις δέ μοι οὐκ ἀπινύσσειν·
εἵματα ταῦτ᾽ ἀποδὺς σχεδίην ἀνέμοισι φέρεσθαι
κάλλιπ᾽, ἀτὰρ χείρεσσι νέων ἐπιμαίεο νόστου
γαίης Φαιήκων, ὅθι τοι μοῖρ᾽ ἐστὶν ἀλύξαι.345
τῆ δέ, τόδε κρήδεμνον ὑπὸ στέρνοιο τανύσσαι
ἄμβροτον· οὐδέ τί τοι παθέειν δέος οὐδ᾽ ἀπολέσθαι.
αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν χείρεσσιν ἐφάψεαι ἠπείροιο,
ἂψ ἀπολυσάμενος βαλέειν εἰς οἴνοπα πόντον
πολλὸν ἀπ᾽ ἠπείρου, αὐτὸς δ᾽ ἀπονόσφι τραπέσθαι."350
ὣς ἄρα φωνήσασα θεὰ κρήδεμνον ἔδωκεν,
αὐτὴ δ᾽ ἂψ ἐς πόντον ἐδύσετο κυμαίνοντα
αἰθυίῃ ἐικυῖα· μέλαν δέ ἑ κῦμα κάλυψεν.
αὐτὰρ ὁ μερμήριξε πολύτλας δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς,
ὀχθήσας δ᾽ ἄρα εἶπε πρὸς ὃν μεγαλήτορα θυμόν·355
"ὤ μοι ἐγώ, μή τίς μοι ὑφαίνῃσιν δόλον αὖτε
ἀθανάτων, ὅ τέ με σχεδίης ἀποβῆναι ἀνώγει.
ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ οὔ πω πείσομ᾽, ἐπεὶ ἑκὰς ὀφθαλμοῖσιν
γαῖαν ἐγὼν ἰδόμην, ὅθι μοι φάτο φύξιμον εἶναι.
ἀλλὰ μάλ᾽ ὧδ᾽ ἔρξω, δοκέει δέ μοι εἶναι ἄριστον:360
ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν δούρατ᾽ ἐν ἁρμονίῃσιν ἀρήρῃ,
τόφρ᾽ αὐτοῦ μενέω καὶ τλήσομαι ἄλγεα πάσχων·
αὐτὰρ ἐπὴν δή μοι σχεδίην διὰ κῦμα τινάξῃ,
νήξομ᾽, ἐπεὶ οὐ μέν τι πάρα προνοῆσαι ἄμεινον."
notes
Odysseus nearly drowns in the storm. Taking pity on him, Ino offers Odysseus a magic veil that will enable him to swim safely to shore. Suspecting the gods of another trick, Odysseus clings to what remains of his boat.
Poseidon’s revenge continues. The hero, who was steering a straight course (ἰθύνετο, 270), is flung into the sea while the boat spins in circles; Calypso’s helpful following breeze is replaced by a maelstrom of winds clashing from all directions; Odysseus, who has been charting a course by looking up at the stars, is driven under the waves. We learn that the weight dragging him under the water has a specific source:
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τὸν δ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὑπόβρυχα θῆκε πολὺν χρόνον, οὐδ᾽ ἐδυνάσθη
αἶψα μάλ᾽ ἀνσχεθέειν μεγάλου ὑπὸ κύματος ὁρμῆς·
εἵματα γάρ ῥ᾽ ἐβάρυνε, τά οἱ πόρε δῖα Καλυψώ.
The storm held him underwater for a long time, nor could he
rise up from under the force of the great wave,
for the clothing that Calypso gave him was weighing him down.
Odyssey 5.319–21
The unease we may have felt about the nymph’s enveloping presence at Odysseus’s departure returns here. Calypso’s power to “cover up” is carried by the clothing, dragging the hero down into the amorphous deep. Escaping the pull of Calypso’s undertow will be harder than her friendly farewell might have suggested.
Resurfacing, Odysseus crawls back onto what is left of his boat, now without rudder or sails, and waits for death. At this bleak moment, another friendly nymph appears:
τὸν δὲ ἴδεν Κάδμου θυγάτηρ, καλλίσφυρος Ἰνώ,
Λευκοθέη, ἣ πρὶν μὲν ἔην βροτὸς αὐδήεσσα,
νῦν δ᾽ ἁλὸς ἐν πελάγεσσι θεῶν ἒξ ἔμμορε τιμῆς.
ἥ ῥ᾽ Ὀδυσῆ᾽ ἐλέησεν ἀλώμενον, ἄλγε᾽ ἔχοντα,
αἰθυίῃ δ᾽ ἐικυῖα ποτῇ ἀνεδύσετο λίμνης,
ἷζε δ᾽ ἐπὶ σχεδίης πολυδέσμου εἶπέ τε μῦθον·
The daughter of Cadmos saw him, Ino with lovely ankles,
called Leukothea, who once spoke with a human voice,
but now has divine status in the waves of the sea.
She pitied Odysseus as he drifted, suffering hardship,
rose from the sea in the likeness of a sea bird,
and landing on the raft, spoke a word:
Odyssey 5.333–38
Another link between the Calypso episode and Menelaus’s escape from Egypt surfaces here, as Ino recalls Eidothea, the nymph who appears to help Menelaus (4.360–434). Menelaus learns from Eidothea that to make his way back home, he must capture and confine her father Proteus, imposing order on the potentially endless proliferation of natural shapes the old man can assume. To do so is to mimic the fundamentally masculine role in the creation of civilization, imposing limit and order on the raw power of nature. Ino’s intervention draws on the same reservoir of ideas about power and gender, as the helpful nymph offers Odysseus a way to escape Calypso’s feminine power and survive:
"τῆ δέ, τόδε κρήδεμνον ὑπὸ στέρνοιο τανύσσαι
ἄμβροτον· οὐδέ τί τοι παθέειν δέος οὐδ᾽ ἀπολέσθαι."
"Here, stretch this veil over your chest; it is divine;
you have no need to suffer or to die."
Odyssey 5.346–47
When the Ino urges Odysseus to take off the clothes Calypso gave him and wrap himself in her veil, she is making a more significant sacrifice than might be evident at a first glance. The κρήδεμνον, “veil” or “head binder,” appears frequently in Homeric poetry as a symbol of a woman’s modesty, in the case of married women, or chastity for unmarried women. When a woman goes out in public, she is expected to cover her face with a veil. To take it off is to make herself vulnerable to unwanted male attention; to voluntarily remove a veil in public can be seen as a gesture of abandonment, despair, or wantonness. Both Hecuba and Andromache tear off their veils when they see Achilles abusing the corpse of Hector (Il. 22.406, 469). Their gesture is a recognition of their coming violation—and that of the city of Troy, since the plural of κρήδεμνον is also used to describe the battlements of a city (cf., 13.388, Homeric Hymn to Demeter 150)—at the hands of the Greeks, now that their defender is dead. In Book 6 of the Odyssey, the Phaeacian princess Nausicaa and her servants put themselves at risk when they take off their veils to play catch on the beach (6.99–100), an act that carries a tellingly ambiguous meaning for Nausicaa herself.
What Ino suggests here, if we read the symbols carefully, is a kind of surrender of her modesty as a woman to protect Odysseus from death in the amorphous, feminine water. She makes herself vulnerable—note that she immediately seeks the cover of the ocean once she gives him the veil (351–53)—so that he can survive to finish his masculine heroic mission.
With the appearance of Ino, the web of associations that links the episodes of Calypso, Circe, and Menelaus in Egypt is enriched yet further, as Ino’s offer to Odysseus parallels not only Eidothea’s to Menelaus but also Odysseus’s interaction with Circe. This latter exchange, seemingly quite different in tone and content from that of Odysseus and Ino, shares with it a similar dynamic. Both are essentially gendered power negotiations, in which a nymph’s surrender, tinged with sexual overtones, enables the hero to preserve his masculine power.
Odysseus, true to his suspicious nature, does not trust Ino. He decides to delay relying solely on the nymph’s assurances, clinging to the remnants of his boat as long as they hold together. Though the poet’s associative narrative pattern suggests parallels between Menelaus and Odysseus as each struggles to return home, we now reach a definitive difference: Menelaus gives his trust readily to his rescuing nymph, but Odysseus, both here and when Calypso first offers him her help in escaping her island, holds back. Poseidon will soon obviate any further resistance.
Further Reading
Nagler. M. 1974. Spontaneity and Tradition: The Oral Art of Homer, 64–76. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Van Nortwick, T. 2008. The Unknown Odysseus: Alternate Worlds in Homer’s Odyssey, 20–21. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
313 κατ᾽ ἄκρης: “from above,” “over his head” (Autenrieth ἄκρη).
314 δεινὸν: adverbial.
314 ἐπεσσύμενον: neut. nom. sing. pf. pass. ptc. > ἐπισεύω, modifying κῦμα (LSJ ἐπισεύω II.2).
316 μέσον: “in half.”
316 ἔαξεν: 3rd sing. aor. act. indic. > ἄγνυμι.
317 ἔλθουσα: “coming upon it.”
319 τὸν … θῆκε: “held him.” The pronoun τὸν refers to Odysseus, the subject of the verb is still κῦμα.
319 ἐδυνάσθη: 3rd sing. aor. indic. > δύναμαι. The subject is now Odysseus.
320 ἀνσχεθέειν: “to come to the surface,” aor. infin. > ἀνέχω ( = ἀνασχεῖν), complementary infinitive with ἐδυνάσθη.
320 ὑπὸ: “out from under,” with ὁρμῆς.
320 μεγάλου … κύματος: possessive genitive modifying ὁρμῆς.
321 ἐβάρυνε: singular verb with neuter plural subject εἵματα.
322 στόματος: “out of his mouth,” governed by the ἐξ- in ἐξέπτυσεν.
324 ἐπελήθετο: 3rd sing. aor. mid./pass. dep. indic. > ἐπιλανθάνω, with genitive object.
325 μεθορμηθεὶς: masc. nom. sing. aor. pass. ptc. > μεθορμάομαι.
325 αὐτῆς: the object of ἐλλάβετο, which takes a partitive genitive. Refers to the raft (σχεδίη).
326 τέλος: “at last,” adverbial.
328 ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ(ε): “as when …,” introducing a simile.
328 ἀκάνθας: Stanford says this refers not to the down of the thistles blown around in the air, but “thorny thistle stalks which gather into balls and are blown about by the wind over flat land in dry seasons in Greece, Russia, and Asia.” Imagine something like tumbleweed.
329 ἂμ: = ἀνά (and in line 330).
329 πρὸς ἀλλήλῃσιν ἔχονται: “cling to each other.”
330 ὡς: “so…,” marking the end of the simile.
330 φέρον: unaugmented impf.
331 Βορέῃ προβάλεσκε φέρεσθαι: “was tossing it (the raft) to be carried by Boreas.” Understand σχεδίην as the object of the verb. φέρεσθαι is an infinitive of purpose, and Βορέῃ a dative of agent with the passive infinitive.
332 Ζεφύρῳ εἴξασκε διώκειν: “was yielding to Zephyrus to chase it.” Understand σχεδίην as the object of the infinitive of purpose διώκειν.
334 πρὶν: “before,” paired with νῦν in line 335.
335 θεῶν ἒξ: “from the gods,” anastrophe (the proposition εκ takes an accent when in anastrophe).
335 ἔμμορε τιμῆς: “obtained her share of honor” (LSJ μείρομαι). See Ino in Smith’s Classical Dictionary.
336 ἀλώμενον: masc. acc. sing. ptc. > ἀλάομαι.
337 ποτῇ: “in flight.”
340 ὠδύσατ(ο): “hate.” The verb ὀδύσσομαι only appears in the aorist. Homer connects the name Odysseus with this verb.
342 ὧδ᾽ ἔρξαι: “do this,” “do as I say,” aor. infin. > ἔρδω, used as an imperative.
343 ἀνέμοισι φέρεσθαι: dative of agent with passive infinitive; infinitive of purpose.
344 χείρεσσι νέων: “swimming,” lit., “swimming with your hands” > νέω.
344 ἐπιμαίεο: 2nd sing. pres. imperat. > ἐπιμαίομαι, with a genitive object.
345 γαίης: genitive of place where (Smyth 1448).
346 τῆ: “here!” followed by an imperative.
346 τανύσσαι: aor. infin. > τανύω, used as imperative.
347 οὐδέ τί τοι … δέος: “there is no reason at all for you to fear,” with complementary infinitives.
348 ἐπὴν … ἐφάψεαι: general temporal clause, ἐπήν (ἐπεὶ ἄν ) + subj.
348 ἐφάψεαι: 2nd sing. aor. mid. short-vowel subj. > ἐφάπτω, with genitive.
349 βαλέειν: aor. infin., used as an imperative. Understand the κρήδεμνον as the object.
350 πολλὸν: “a long way.”
350 αὐτὸς: “you yourself.”
350 τραπέσθαι: infin., used as an imperat.
356 μή … ὑφαίνῃσιν: a Homeric clause of fearing (μή + subj.), a type of prohibitive subjunctive (Smyth 1802). Understand an introductory phrase like “I am afraid (that/lest) …,” or translate like a regular prohibitive subjunctive, “may some god not …”
356 ὑφαίνῃσιν: 3rd sing. pres. act. subj.
356 μοι: dative of disadvantage (Smyth 1481).
357 ἀθανάτων: partitive genitive with τις, “someone of the gods,” forming the subject of the verb ὑφαίνῃσιν.
357 σχεδίης: “from the raft,” governed by the ἀπό in ἀποβῆναι.
359 ἰδόμην: 1st sing. aor. mid. indic. > *εἴδω.
359 ὅθι μοι φάτο φύξιμον εἶναι: “where she said it was possible for me to flee.” An impersonal construction (φύξιμον ἐστί, “it is possible to flee”) in indirect discourse introduced by φάτο (ἔφατο).
360 echoing line 342.
361 ὄφρ᾽ ἂν μέν κεν …: “as long as …,” indefinite temporal clause with subjunctive (Smyth 2399). On the ἄν (Ion.) and κεν (Ael.) together, see Monro 362 (final paragraph before 363).
362 τόφρ᾽: “so long …,” correlative with ὄφρα, followed by the future tense.
362 μενέω: 1st sing. fut. act. indic. > μένω.
363 ἐπὴν: “whenever …,” ἐπεὶ ἄν, introducing a general temporal clause with the verb in the subjunctive (διὰ … τινάξῃ).
363 διὰ … τινάξῃ: "shook to pieces," tmesis (LSJ διατινάσσω).
364 νήξομ᾽: νήξομαι.
364 τι … ἄμεινον: “anything better.”
364 οὐ … πάρα: “it is not possible,” πάρα = πάρεστι (LSJ πάρειμι III.1).
vocabulary
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
ἄκρη -ης ἡ: promontory, cape; κατ' ἄκρης from over head
ἐπισεύω ἐπισεύσω ἐπέσσυα: to put in motion against, set upon
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
ἐλελίζω ἐλελίξω ἠλέλιξα: to whirl round
τῆλε: at a distance, far off, far away315
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
πηδάλιον –ου τό: a rudder
προίημι προήσω προῆκα προεῖκα προεῖμαι προείθην: to send ahead; to shoot
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
ἱστός –οῦ ὁ: mast, beam; loom
ἀγνύω/ἄγνυμι ἄξω ἔαξα ἔαγα: to break, smash
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
θύελλα –ης ἡ: storm, eruption
τηλοῦ: afar, far off
σπεῖρον –ου τό: a piece of cloth; the sail
ἐπίκριον –ου τό: the yard-arm
ἐμπίπτω ἐμπεσοῦμαι ἐμέπεσον ἐμπέπτωκα ––– –––: fall on, attack, light upon
πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
ὑπόβρυχα: under water
αἶψα: rapidly, speedily, suddenly320
ἀνέχω ἀνέξω (or ἀνσχήσω) ἀνέσχον ἀνέσχηκα ––– –––: raise up
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
ὁρμή –ῆς ἡ: a violent movement onwards, an assault, attack, onset; effort
εἷμα –ατος τό: clothing
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
βαρύνω βαρυνῶ ἐβάρυνα ––– βεβάρυμμαι ἐβαρύνθην: to weigh down, oppress by weight, depress
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
πόρω ––– ἔπορον ––– ––– –––: to offer, furnish, supply, give; (pf. pass. 3 sing.) it is fated
δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining
Καλυψώ –οῦς ἡ: Calypso, a goddess, daughter of Atlas
ὀψέ: late; too late; at last
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
ἀναδύνω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ἀναδέδυκα ἀναδέδυμαι ἀνεδύθην: to come to the top of water
ἐκπτύω ἐκπτύσω ἐξέπτυσα ἐξέπτυκα: to spit out of
ἅλμη –ης ἡ: sea-water, brine
πικρός –ά –όν: pointed, sharp, keen
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
κράς –ατός τό: head, top, highest point
κελαρύζω κελαρύξομαι ἐκελάρυξα: to trickle
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
ἐπιλήθω ἐπιλήσω ἐπελησα ἐπιλέληκα ἐπιλέλησμαι ἐπελήσθην: to cause to forget
τείρω ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: to wear down, exhaust, weaken
μεθορμάομαι μεθορμήσομαι μεθωρμησάμην – μεθώρμημαι μεθωρμήθην: to rush in pursuit of, make a dash at325
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
καθίζω (Ion. κατίζω) καθιῶ (Ion. κατίσω) καθῖσα/ἐκάθισα (or κατῖσα) κεκάθικα: to sit down; to set, place
ἀλεείνω – – – – –: to avoid, shun
φορέω φορέσω/φορήσω ἐφόρεσα/ἐφόρησα πεφόρηκα πεφόρημαι ἐφορήθην: to bear, carry
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
ῥόος –ου ὁ: a stream, flow, current
ὀπωρινός –ή –όν: at the time of late summer
Βορέης Βορέαο ὁ: Boreas, North Wind
φορέω φορέσω/φορήσω ἐφόρεσα/ἐφόρησα πεφόρηκα πεφόρημαι ἐφορήθην: to bear, carry
ἄκανθα –ης ἡ: a thorn, prickle
πεδίον –ου τό: plain
πυκ(ι)νός –ή –όν: thick, bushy, dense; prudent, wise, smart, shrewd
πέλαγος –ους τό: the sea330
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
ἄλλοτε: at another time, at other times
Νότος –ου ὁ: the South Wind
Βορέης Βορέαο ὁ: Boreas, North Wind
προβάλλω προβαλῶ προέβαλον προβέβληκα προβέβλημαι προεβλήθην: to throw before, throw
ἄλλοτε: at another time, at other times
αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand
Εὖρος –ου ὁ: the East wind
Ζέφυρος –ου ὁ: Zephyrus, the west wind
εἴκω εἴκξω εἶξα ––– ––– –––: to yield (+ dat.)
Κάδμος –ου ὁ: Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, father of Ino
καλλίσφυρος –ον: beautiful-ankled
Ἰνώ –οῦς ἡ: Ino, daughter of Cadmus, worshipped as a sea-goddess by the name of Leucothea
Λευκοθέα –ας ἡ: the white goddess
βροτός –οῦ ὁ: mortal
αὐδήεις –εσσα –εν: speaking with human voice
ἅλς ἁλός ὁ: salt (m.); sea (f.)335
πέλαγος –ους τό: the sea
μείρομαι μορήσω ἔμμορον μεμόρηκα: to receive as one's portion
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
ἐλεέω ἐλεήσω ἠλέησα – ἠλέημαι ἠλεήθην: have pity on, show mercy to
ἀλάομαι ἀλήσομαι ἀλάλημαι ἠλήθην: to wander, stray
ἄλγος –ους τό: pain
αἴθυια –ας ἡ: a gull
ποτή –ῆς ἡ: flight
ἀναδύνω ἀναδύσω ἀνέδυσα ἀναδέδυκα ἀναδέδυμαι ἀνεδύθην: to come to the top of water
λίμνη (λίμνα) –ης ἡ: pool, swamp
ἵζω εἵσομαι εἷσα/ἵζησα ἵζηκα: to take a seat, sit down; cause to take a seat
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
πολύδεσμος –ον: fastened with many bonds
μῦθος –ου ὁ: spoken thing, speech, plan, story
κάμμορος –ον: ill-fated
τίπτε: why? (τί ποτε)
Ποσειδῶν (or Ποσειδάων) –ῶνος ὁ: Poseidon
ἐνοσίχθων –ονος ὁ: earth-shaker (epithet of Poseidon)
ὀδύσσομαι ὀδύσομαι ὀδυσάμην: to be wroth against, to hate340
ἔκπαγλος –ον: terrible, fearful
φυτεύω φυτεύσω ἐφύτευσα πεφύτευκα πεφύτευμαι ἐφυτεύθην: to plant
καταφθίω καταφθίσω κατέφθισα κατέφθικα κατέφθιμαι: to ruin, destroy; (pass.) to perish, die
μενεαίνω – – – – –: to be eager, desire; to be enraged at (+dat)
ἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ἔοργα ––– –––: to do
ἀπινύσσω – – – – : to lack understanding, be senseless
εἷμα –ατος τό: clothing
ἀποδύνω ἀποδύσω ἀπέδυσα ἀποδέδυκα ἀποδέδυμαι ἀπεδύθην: strip off
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
καταλείπω καλλείψω κάλλιπον καταλέλοιπα καταλέλειμμαι κατελείφθην: to leave behind
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet, consequently
νέω νεύσομαι ἔνευσα νένευκα: to swim; to spin
ἐπιμαίομαι ἐπιμάσσομαι ἐπεμασσάμην: to strive for (+gen); to touch
νόστος –ου ὁ: return (home)
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district345
Φαίαξ –ακος ὁ: a Phaeacian
ὅθι: where
μοῖρα –ας ἡ: part, portion, lot, fate
ἀλύσκω ἀλύξω ἤλυξα ––– ––– –––: to flee from, shun, avoid, forsake
τῆ: here! there! (interjection)
κρήδεμνον –ου τό: a veil
στέρνον –ου τό: chest
τανύω τανύσω ἐτάνυσα – τετάνυσμαι ἐτανύσθην: to stretch, extend, lie (in a geographical sense); to set up; to strain
ἄμβροτος –ον: immortal, divine
δέος –ους τό: fear
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet, consequently
ἐπήν = ἐπεὶ ἄν: when, after
ἐφάπτω ἐφάψω ἐφῆψα ––– ἐφῆμμαι ἐφήφθην: to touch, fasten onto
ἤπειρος –ου ἡ: land, mainland, continent350
ἄψ: back
ἀπολύω ἀπολύσω ἀπέλυσα ἀπολέλυκα ἀπολέλυμαι ἀπελύθην: to loose from
οἶνοψ –οπος: wine-coloured, wine-dark
πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea
ἤπειρος –ου ἡ: land, mainland, continent
ἀπονόσφι: aside, far apart (adv.); away from (+ gen.)
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
φωνέω φωνήσω ἐφώνησα πεφώνηκα πεφώνημαι ἐφωνήθην: make a sound, speak
θεά –ᾶς ἡ: goddess
κρήδεμνον –ου τό: a veil
ἄψ: back
πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea
δὐω δύσω έδυσα/ἔδυν δέδυκα δέδυμαι εδύθην: plunge in, go into, sink
κυμαίνω κυμανῶ ἐκύμανα: to rise in waves
αἴθυια –ας ἡ: a gull
μέλας μέλαινα μέλαν: black, dark, obscure
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα κεκάλυμμαι ἐκαλύφθην: to cover, enclose
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet, consequently
μερμηρίζω μερμηρίξω ἐμερμήριξα: to ponder, wonder, stress over, debate, have it in mind
πολύτλας –αντος: having borne much, much-enduring
δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
ὀχθέω ὀχθήσω ὤχθησα: to be sorely angered, to be vexed in spirit355
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
ἑός ἑή ἑόν: his, her, own
μεγαλήτωρ –ορος: great - hearted, proud
ὑφαίνω ὑφανῶ ὕφανα/ὕφηνα ὕφαγκα ὕφασμαι ὑφάνθην: to weave
δόλος –ου ὁ: scheme, plot, deception, trickery
αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand
ἀθάνατος –ον: immortal, deathless; (plur.) the gods
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
ἀποβαίνω ἀποβήσομαι ἀποέβην ἀποβέβηκα ––– –––: to leave, go away
ἀνώγω: to command, order
πω: [+neg](adv.) never yet, in no way, not at all
ἑκάς: far, afar, far off
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
ὅθι: where
φύξιμος –ον: offering a chance of escape
ἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ἔοργα ––– –––: to do360
ὄφρα: while; until; so that; ὄφρα … τόφρα, while … for so long
δόρυ δόρατος τό: spear; timber, beam (of a ship)
ἁρμονία –ας ἡ: a fastening
ἀραρίσκω/ἄρω ἄρσω ἦρσα ἄραρα/ἄρηρα ἀρήρεμαι ἤρθην: fit on or together, join, fit with
τόφρα: at that very moment, so long; tόφρα … ὄφρα, as long as … until
αὐτοῦ: at the very place, here, there
τλάω τλήσομαι ἔτλην τέτληκα –––– ––––: to tolerate, endure, resist; to dare; to have the courage (+ infin.); (part.) τετληώς
ἄλγος –ους τό: pain
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet, consequently
ἐπήν = ἐπεὶ ἄν: when, after
σχεδία –ας ἡ: a raft, float
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
τινάσσω τινάξω ἐτίναξα ––– τετίναγμαι ἐτινάχθην: to shake
νήχω νήξομαι ἐνηξάμην: to swim
προνοέω προνοήσω προενόησα προνενόηκα προνενόημαι προενοήθην: to perceive before, foresee