4.21-22

Ch. 21: The Re-foundation of Carthage (122 BCE)

Livy, Epitome 60; Plutarch, Gaius Gracchus 11.

L. Caeciliō Metellō et T. Quīntiō Flāminīnō cōnsulibus: ablative absolute with the verb esse assumed (AG 419a). Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus and Titus Quinctius Flamininus were consuls in 123 BCE (Bird).

Carthāgō: It was in 122 BCE, through the lex Rubria of 123, that Gaius Gracchus established a colony called Junonia, near the site of Carthage (Bird).

quae nunc manet: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar in this (Hazzard).

postquam ā Scīpiōne fuerat ēversa: Carthage was destroyed in 146 BCE after the Third Punic War (Brev. 4.10–13).

Dēductī sunt: The regular term for the founding of a colony (Hazzard) (LS deduco I.B.2)

eō: = ad eum locum (Hazzard)

Ch. 22: Triumphs over Transalpine Gauls

Livy, Epitome 61; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 1.15.

Annō sexcentēsimō vīcēsimō septimō: C. Cassius Longinus and C. Sextius Calvinus were consuls in 124 BCE so that the computation again appears to indicate that Eutropius' source, presumably Livy's Epitome, was reckoning from 751 BCE as the year of Rome’s foundation (Bird).

Sex. Domitius Calvīnus: As proconsul (123–122 BCE) Calvinus subjugated the Saluvii of the Riviera and established a settlement at Aquae Sextiae (Aix) near their chief town (Bird).

Gallīs trānsalpīnīs: dative object of compound verb intulērunt (LS infero I.β). The Gauls of modern France and Switzerland were called trānsalpīnī, to distinguish them from the Gauls of northern Italy, who were called cisalpīnī (Hazzard).

Arvernōrum: The Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar's time, as he refers to them several times in the Gallic War (Hazzard).

Bituītō: Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (cos. 122 BCE) as proconsul in 121 BCE, defeated the Allobroges near Vindalium (between Orange and Avignon). The Arverni, under King Bituitus, came to their assistance, only to be decisively beaten by Q. Fabius Maximus (cos. 121) at the confluence of the Rhone river and Isere. Domitius captured Bituitus by treachery. Gallia Transalpina was subsequently annexed (Bird).

īnfīnītamque multitūdinem: supply hominum.

iūxtā Rhodanum fluvium: the Rhone river. Fluvium is a late word. The regular term for river is flūmen (Hazzard).

ex torquibus: the torque or helically twisted collar of bronze, gold or silver with open but almost touching ends was a characteristic neck ornament of such peoples as the ancient Teutons, Gauls, and Britons. The Saint-Remi museum in France has an important collection of iron age examples, such as this one from the fourth century BCE. Gaulish warriors wore them when they marched into battle (Strabo 4.4.5); Manlius Torquatus received his epithet by taking torques from Gauls he killed and wearing them himself (Livy 7.10.11).

dēductus est: i.e., from Gaul (Hazzard)

ambō triumphāvērunt: the triumph was held in 120 BCE. For more information on triumphs, see triumphs.