"ὣς ἐφάμην, τοῖσιν δὲ κατεκλάσθη φίλον ἦτορ.

αὐτίκα δ᾽ Εὐρύλοχος στυγερῷ μ᾽ ἠμείβετο μύθῳ·

‘σχέτλιός εἰς, Ὀδυσεῦ· περί τοι μένος, οὐδέ τι γυῖα

κάμνεις· ἦ ῥά νυ σοί γε σιδήρεα πάντα τέτυκται,280

ὅς ῥ᾽ ἑτάρους καμάτῳ ἁδηκότας ἠδὲ καὶ ὕπνῳ

οὐκ ἐάᾳς γαίης ἐπιβήμεναι, ἔνθα κεν αὖτε

νήσῳ ἐν ἀμφιρύτῃ λαρὸν τετυκοίμεθα δόρπον,

ἀλλ᾽ αὔτως διὰ νύκτα θοὴν ἀλάλησθαι ἄνωγας

νήσου ἀποπλαγχθέντας ἐν ἠεροειδέι πόντῳ.285

ἐκ νυκτῶν δ᾽ ἄνεμοι χαλεποί, δηλήματα νηῶν,

γίγνονται· πῇ κέν τις ὑπεκφύγοι αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον,

ἤν πως ἐξαπίνης ἔλθῃ ἀνέμοιο θύελλα,

ἢ Νότου ἢ Ζεφύροιο δυσαέος, οἵ τε μάλιστα

νῆα διαρραίουσι θεῶν ἀέκητι ἀνάκτων;290

ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τοι νῦν μὲν πειθώμεθα νυκτὶ μελαίνῃ

δόρπον θ᾽ ὁπλισόμεσθα θοῇ παρὰ νηὶ μένοντες,

ἠῶθεν δ᾽ ἀναβάντες ἐνήσομεν εὐρέι πόντῳ.’

ὣς ἔφατ᾽ Εὐρύλοχος, ἐπὶ δ᾽ ᾔνεον ἄλλοι ἑταῖροι.

καὶ τότε δὴ γίγνωσκον ὃ δὴ κακὰ μήδετο δαίμων,295

καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·

‘Εὐρύλοχ᾽, ἦ μάλα δή με βιάζετε μοῦνον ἐόντα.

ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε νῦν μοι πάντες ὀμόσσατε καρτερὸν ὅρκον·

εἴ κέ τιν᾽ ἠὲ βοῶν ἀγέλην ἢ πῶυ μέγ᾽ οἰῶν

εὕρωμεν, μή πού τις ἀτασθαλίῃσι κακῇσιν300

ἢ βοῦν ἠέ τι μῆλον ἀποκτάνῃ: ἀλλὰ ἕκηλοι

ἐσθίετε βρώμην, τὴν ἀθανάτη πόρε Κίρκη.’

ὣς ἐφάμην, οἱ δ᾽ αὐτίκ᾽ ἀπώμνυον, ὡς ἐκέλευον.

αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥ᾽ ὄμοσάν τε τελεύτησάν τε τὸν ὅρκον,

στήσαμεν ἐν λιμένι γλαφυρῷ ἐυεργέα νῆα305

ἄγχ᾽ ὕδατος γλυκεροῖο, καὶ ἐξαπέβησαν ἑταῖροι

νηός, ἔπειτα δὲ δόρπον ἐπισταμένως τετύκοντο.

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο,

μνησάμενοι δὴ ἔπειτα φίλους ἔκλαιον ἑταίρους,

οὓς ἔφαγε Σκύλλη γλαφυρῆς ἐκ νηὸς ἑλοῦσα·310

κλαιόντεσσι δὲ τοῖσιν ἐπήλυθε νήδυμος ὕπνος.

ἦμος δὲ τρίχα νυκτὸς ἔην, μετὰ δ᾽ ἄστρα βεβήκει,

ὦρσεν ἔπι ζαῆν ἄνεμον νεφεληγερέτα Ζεὺς

λαίλαπι θεσπεσίῃ, σὺν δὲ νεφέεσσι κάλυψε

γαῖαν ὁμοῦ καὶ πόντον· ὀρώρει δ᾽ οὐρανόθεν νύξ.315

ἦμος δ᾽ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,

νῆα μὲν ὡρμίσαμεν κοῖλον σπέος εἰσερύσαντες.

ἔνθα δ᾽ ἔσαν νυμφέων καλοὶ χοροὶ ἠδὲ θόωκοι·

καὶ τότ᾽ ἐγὼν ἀγορὴν θέμενος μετὰ μῦθον ἔειπον·

‘ὦ φίλοι, ἐν γὰρ νηὶ θοῇ βρῶσίς τε πόσις τε320

ἔστιν, τῶν δὲ βοῶν ἀπεχώμεθα, μή τι πάθωμεν·

δεινοῦ γὰρ θεοῦ αἵδε βόες καὶ ἴφια μῆλα,

Ἠελίου, ὃς πάντ᾽ ἐφορᾷ καὶ πάντ᾽ ἐπακούει.’

ὣς ἐφάμην, τοῖσιν δ᾽ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ.

μῆνα δὲ πάντ᾽ ἄλληκτος ἄη Νότος, οὐδέ τις ἄλλος325

γίγνετ᾽ ἔπειτ᾽ ἀνέμων εἰ μὴ Εὖρός τε Νότος τε.

    Eurylochus convinces Odysseus to let the crew land on Thrinakia. Odysseus makes the crew swear an oath not to eat the cattle of Helios.

    Odysseus reports to the crew about the advice from Teiresias and Circe and it breaks their hearts, as it did when he told them they would have to explore Circe’s island and travel to the Underworld (12.277 = 10.193, 566). As usual, Eurylochus speaks for the sailors. Odysseus is σχέτλιός, his “iron” limbs never wear out (279–80). The adjective once again signals amazement (see 12.116 with essay), but affectionate tone it carries when coming from one of the hero’s female protectors is decidedly absent.

    read full essay

    The adjective σιδήρεα (280) typically describes a hard, unbending heart or will in Homeric epic. Like σχέτλιός, its tone can vary according to the context. Priam’s determination to retrieve his son from Achilles earns this epithet from both Hekabe and Achilles (Il. 24.205, 521). His wife is frustrated by his stubborn insistence on putting himself in danger; his enemy can only wonder at the frail old man’s courage. When Penelope refuses to acknowledge Odysseus immediately after he has dispatched the suitors (23.172), his use of the adjective to describe her heart carries the rich and subtle crosscurrents of emotion that underlie their first meeting in twenty years, frustration, even anger, but also a grudging admiration for his wife, who like him has endured and suffered, who refuses to be fooled.

    The threats that Eurylochus foresees if the crew cannot land are familiar. Instead of a meal and rest, they will have to sail through the night on the dark sea, where winds and waves will overwhelm the ship. Odysseus sees the hand of a malevolent deity at work. His will overrode the qualms of the men earlier in the journey, but now he gives in. He acquiesces in Eurylochus’s plan to land on shore at Thrinakia but extracts an oath from the crew that they will abstain from eating any cattle or sheep they encounter. After they land the ship, eat dinner, and grieve for their companions, Zeus brings on the stormy dark anyway:

    ὦρσεν ἔπι ζαῆν ἄνεμον νεφεληγερέτα Ζεὺς 
    λαίλαπι θεσπεσίῃ, σὺν δὲ νεφέεσσι κάλυψε 
    γαῖαν ὁμοῦ καὶ πόντον: ὀρώρει δ᾽ οὐρανόθεν νύξ.

    Cloud-gathering Zeus stirred the stormy wind 
    with a supernatural gale, and smothered 
    land and sea. Night sprang from the heavens.

    Odyssey 12.313–15

    Threatened with drowning, eclipsed (Calypso-ed?) by clouds and darkness, the Greeks face what Odysseus will next encounter on Ogygia, the oblivion that has chased them across the sea.

    The next morning Odysseus speaks again to the crew about eating from the local herds, this time raising the ante by mentioning for the first time that the cattle belong to Helios, who “sees all and hears all” (323). As he comes ever closer to the decisive event mentioned all the way back in the seventh verse of the poem, the poet draws out the action, slowing things down to make us wait. The perspective in this last adventure shifts, insofar as we have been told specifically that the destruction of the crew is near. Now all each meal, described with the familiar traditional phrases, might also be the crew’s last and the shadow of death creeps over these remaining scenes. The Odyssey is a comic story, driven by the need for restoration (See Introduction, para. 5). All will be well, we are told over and over, when Odysseus gets back home and kills the suitors. The lives of the other crew members, at the same time, are less important. Their deaths are certainly not welcome, but after all, they have brought destruction on themselves by failing to control their impulses. What seeps in here at the end of the adventures is a tragic undercurrent like the one that dominates the Iliad, nudging us toward a recognition that death finally defines the meaning of mortal life—for all mortals, even the weak-willed crew.

    279  εἰς: enclitic, 2nd sing. > εἰμί.

    279  περί: “is superior” = περίεστι.

    279  τοι: dative of possession.

    279  γυῖα: accusative of respect.

    280  σιδήρεα: pred. adj.

    280  πάντα: “all your limbs” (i.e., πάντα γυῖα).

    280  τέτυκται: “are made (of),” 3rd sing. perf. pass. > τεύχω.

    281  ἁδηκότας: “having had too much,” “worn out with,” with dat. > ἁδέω. acc. pl. perf. pct.

    281  ὕπνῳ: “sleepiness,” rather than “sleep”

    283  κεν … τετυκοίμεθα: potential optative.

    284  τετυκοίμεθα: “we could prepare,” opt. > τεύχω.

    285  ἀποπλαγχθέντας: acc. pl. aor. pass. pct., modifying ἑτάρους, implied from line 281 > ἀποπλάζω, “lead astray from, wander from,” with gen.

    287  κεν … ὑπεκφύγοι …, ἤν … ἔλθῃ: mixed conditional (future more vivid protasis + future less vivid apodosis), or a future more vivid conditional (ἤν=ἐάν) with a potential optative substituting for the fut. indic. in the apodosis (Smyth 2326d).

    290  ἀέκητι: “against the will of,” with gen.

    292  ὁπλισόμεσθα: hortatory short-vowel subjunctive.

    292  ἠῶθεν: “in the morning.”

    292  ἐνήσομεν: “we will set out on,” with dat. fut. > ἐνίημι.

    294  ἐπὶ … ᾔνεον: “agreed,” tmesis > ἐπαινέω.

    295  : =ὅτι.

    297  μοῦνον ἐόντα: “being alone,” i.e., Odysseus is the only one of the men who disagrees with Eurylochus.

    299  εἰ κέ … εὕρωμεν: “if we happen to find…” (Smyth 2354).

    300  μή … τις ... / ... ἀποκτάνῃ: "(swear) that no one will kill ..." This negative purpose clause states the purpose of taking the oath, although a fut. or pres. infin. is more usual with ὄμνυμι ("swear to...").

    305  στήσαμεν: “stopped,” transitive > ἵστημι.

    306  ὕδατος γλυκεροῖο: "sweet water" = fresh water, as opposed to seawater.

    308  ἐξ … ἕντο: “sent away,” tmesis > ἐξίημι, impf. mid. 3 pl.

    309  μνησάμενοι: μιμνήσκω here takes an acc. obj. instead of a gen. (Smyth 1358).

    311  κλαιόντεσσι … τοῖσιν: dat. with compound verb. κλαιόντεσσι, dat. masc. pl. pres. act. pct. >κλαίω.

    312  τρίχα: “the third pct.”

    312  μετὰ … βεβήκει: “had passed across (the sky),” tmesis > μεταβαίνω. sing. verb with neut. pl. subj.

    313  ὦρσεν ἔπι: "stirred up," tmesis, anastrophe > ἐπόρνυμι.

    314  θεσπεσίῃ: “awful.” Dative of means.

    315  ὀρώρει ... νύξ: this must mean that, although it was nearly morning and time for the sky to lighten, the storm returned the darkness of night to the sky. ὀρώρει, pluperf. > ὄρνυμι.

    318  ἔσαν: = ἦσαν.

    319  ἀγορὴν θέμενος: “calling an assembly.”

    320  γὰρ: “since,” anticipatory γάρ, followed by δέ in the main clause (Smyth 2811).

    322  αἵδε: supply the verb εἰσί.

    325  μῆνα … πάντ᾽: accusative of extent of time.

    325  ἄη: 3rd sing. impf. act. > ἄημι.

    326  εἰ μὴ: "except."

    κατακλάω κατακλάσω κατέκλασα – κατακέκλασμαι κατεκλάσθην: to break, shatter; (pass.) to be broken (figuratively of the heart or spirit)

    ἦτορ τό: the heart

    Εὐρύλοχος –ου ὁ: Eurylochus, a cousin and companion of Odysseus

    στυγερός –ά –όν: hated, abominated, loathed; chilling

    ἀμείβω ἀμείψω ἤμειψα ἤμειφα ἤμειμμαι ἠμείφθην: to respond, answer; to exchange; (mid.) to take turns, alternate; to change, place, pass

    μῦθος –ου ὁ: spoken thing, speech, plan, story

    σχέτλιος –α –ον: strong, unwearying; stubborn, cruel, merciless

    Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey

    μένος –ους τό: might

    γυῖον –ου τό: only pl., joints

    κάμνω καμοῦμαι ἔκαμον κεκήμακα ––– –––: to build, make, produce; to toil, suffer; (mid.) to become exhausted, become worn out; (aor. plur. partic.) those who have been worn out, to be dead 280

    ἄρα: now, then, next, thus

    σιδήρεος –α –ον: made of iron

    τεύχω τεύξω ἔτευξα τέτευχα τέτυγμαι ἐτύχθην: to make, build, prepare, fasten; to bring about

    ἄρα: now, then, next, thus

    ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion

    κάματος –ου ὁ: fatigue, exhaustion; effort

    ἁδέω ––– ––– ––– –––: to have too much of something; to be oppressed or weighed down

    ἠδέ: and

    ὕπνος –ου ὁ: sleep

    γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district

    ἐπιβαίνω ἐπιβήσομαι ἐπέβην ἐπιβέβηκα ––– –––: to go on, enter, step up, mount, board (a ship) + gen.

    αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand

    ἀμφίρυτος –ον: flowed around, sea-girt

    λαρός –όν: pleasant to the taste, dainty, sweet

    τεύχω τεύξω ἔτευξα τέτευχα τέτυγμαι ἐτύχθην: to make, build, prepare, fasten; to bring about

    δόρπον –ου τό: the evening meal

    αὔτως: in the same way, just as it is; merely; in vain

    θοός –ή –όν: swift

    ἀλάλημαι (perf. of ἀλάομαι): to wander

    ἄνωγα (pf. as pres.), ἠνώγεα (plupf. as impf.): to command, invite, exhort

    ἀποπλάζω ἀποπλάγξω ἀπέπλαγξα: to divert, distract; (aor. pass.) to be diverted, get lost 285

    ἠεροειδής –ές: of dark and cloudy look, cloud-streaked

    πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea

    ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind

    δήλημα –ατος τό: a mischief, bane

    πῇ or πῆ: to where? in what way? how?

    ὑπεκφεύγω ὑπεκφεύξομαι ὑπεκέφυγον ὑπεκπέφευγα ––– –––: to escape

    αἰπύς –εῖα –ύ: steep, high; total

    ὄλεθρος –ου ὁ: ruin, destruction, death

    ἐξαπίνας: suddenly

    ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind

    θύελλα –ης ἡ: storm, eruption

    Νότος –ου ὁ: the South Wind

    Ζέφυρος –ου ὁ: Zephyrus, the west wind

    δυσαής –ές: ill-blowing, stormy

    διαρραίω διαρραίσω διέρραισα: to dash in pieces, destroy 290

    ἀέκητι: against one's will

    ἄναξ –ακτος ὁ: ruler, lord

    τοι: let me tell you, surely

    μέλας μέλαινα μέλαν: black, dark, obscure

    δόρπον –ου τό: the evening meal

    ὁπλίζω ὁπλίσομαι ὥπλισα ὥπλικα ὥπλισμαι ὡπλίσθην: to equip, make ready; to arm

    θοός –ή –όν: swift

    ἕωθεν: from morn

    ἀναβαίνω ἀναβήσομαι ἀνέβην ἀναβέβηκα ––– –––: to board, go up

    ἐνίημι ἐνήσω ἐνῆκα ἐνεῖκα ἐνεῖμαι ἐνείθην: to launch a ship into the sea; to send in, set out

    εὐρύς –εῖα –ύ: broad

    πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea

    Εὐρύλοχος –ου ὁ: Eurylochus, a cousin and companion of Odysseus

    αἰνέω αἰνέσω ᾔνεσα ᾔνεκα ᾔνημαι ᾔνέθην: to tell, speak of, praise; to agree

    ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion

    μήδομαι μήσομαι ἐμησάμην: to meditate, prepare, plot 295

    μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself

    φωνέω φωνήσω ἐφώνησα πεφώνηκα πεφώνημαι ἐφωνήθην: to make a sound, speak

    πτερόεις πτερόεσσα πτερόεν: winged

    προσαυδάω προσαυδήσω προσηύδησα προσηύδηκα προσηύδημαι προσηυδήθην: to speak to, address, accost

    Εὐρύλοχος –ου ὁ: Eurylochus, a cousin and companion of Odysseus

    βιάζω βιάσομαι ἐβίασα ––– βεβίασμαι ἐβιάσθην: to do violence to (+ acc.), mistreat; to constrain by force

    ἄγε: come! come on! well!

    ὄμνυμι (or ὀμνύω) ὀμοῦμαι ὤμοσα ὀμώμοκα ὀμώμο(σ)μαι ὠμόθην: to swear

    καρτερός –ά –όν : strong; fierce

    ὅρκος –ου ὁ: oath

    ἀγέλη –ης ἡ: a herd

    πῶυ –ους τό: a flock

    ὄϊς ὄϊος ὁ/ἡ: sheep

    ἀτασθαλία –ας ἡ: recklessness, arrogance, foolishness 300

    μῆλον –ου τό: sheep or goat; (plur.) flock

    ἀποκτείνω ἀποκτενῶ ἀπέκτεινα ἀπέκτονα: kill

    ἕκηλος –ον: calm, tranquil, safe, at rest, at one's ease; restraining oneself

    ἐσθίω ἔδομαι ἔφαγον ἐδήδοκα ἐδέδησμαι –––: to eat

    βρώμη –ης ἡ: food

    ἀθάνατος –ον: immortal, deathless; (plur.) the gods

    πόρω ––– ἔπορον ––– ––– –––: to offer, furnish, supply, give; (pf. pass. 3 sing.) it is fated

    Κίρκη –ης ἡ: Circe, the enchantress, daughter of Helius, sister of Aeētes, dwelling in the isle of Aeaea

    ἀπόμνυμι ἀπομοῦμαι/ἀπομόσω ἀπώμοσα ἀπομώμοκα – ἀπωμόθην/ἀπωμόσθην: to take an oath not to do something, swear off, deny with an oath

    ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet

    ἄρα: now, then, next, thus

    ὄμνυμι (or ὀμνύω) ὀμοῦμαι ὤμοσα ὀμώμοκα ὀμώμο(σ)μαι ὠμόθην: to swear

    ὅρκος –ου ὁ: oath

    λιμήν –ένος ὁ: harbor 305

    γλαφῠρός –ά –όν: hollow, deep

    εὐεργής –ές: well-wrought, well-made

    ἄγχι: near

    γλυκύς γλυκεῖα γλυκύ: sweet, pleasant

    ἐξαποβαίνω ἐξαποβήσομαι ἐξαπέβην ἐξαποβέβηκα ἐξαποβέβαμαι ἐξαπεβάθην: to step out of

    ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion

    δόρπον –ου τό: the evening meal

    ἐπισταμένως: skillfully

    τεύχω τεύξω ἔτευξα τέτευχα τέτυγμαι ἐτύχθην: to make, build, prepare, fasten; to bring about

    ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet

    πόσις –ιος/–εως ἡ: drinking, drink

    ἐδητύς –ύος ἡ: meat, food

    ἔρος –ου ὁ: love, desire

    κλαίω/κλάω κλαύσομαι/κλαήσω ἔκλαυσα ––– κέκλαυμαι/κέκλαυσμαι ἐκλαύσθην: to weep, cry

    ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion

    ἔφαγον (aor. with no pres. in use): to eat, devour 310

    Σκύλλη –ης ἡ: Scylla, a cave-dwelling sea monster

    γλαφῠρός –ά –όν: hollow, deep

    κλαίω/κλάω κλαύσομαι/κλαήσω ἔκλαυσα ––– κέκλαυμαι/κέκλαυσμαι ἐκλαύσθην: weep, cry

    ἐπέρχομαι ἔπειμι ἐπῆλθον ἐπελήλυθα ––– –––: to approach, arrive; to encounter, come up against, attack

    νήδυμος –ον: sweet, delightful;

    ὕπνος –ου ὁ: sleep

    ἦμος: when, while

    τρίχα: threefold, in three parts

    ἄστρον –ου τό: the stars

    ὄρνυμι ὄρσω ὦρσα ὄρωρα ὀρώρεμαι –––: to stir up, move; (mid.) to rise, get up

    ζαής –ές: strong-blowing, stormy

    ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind

    νεφεληγερέτα –ου ὁ: cloud-gatherer

    Ζεύς Διός ὁ: Zeus

    λαῖλαψ –απος ἡ: a tempest, furious storm, hurricane

    θεσπέσιος [–α] –ον: divine; prodigious, extraordinary, supernatural; deafening

    νέφος –ους τό: a cloud

    καλύπτω καλύψω ἐκάλυψα κεκάλυμμαι ἐκαλύφθην: to cover

    γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district 315

    ὁμοῦ: together, at the same place or time

    πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea

    ὄρνυμι ὄρσω ὦρσα ὄρωρα ὀρώρεμαι –––: to stir up, move; (mid.) to rise, get up

    οὐρανόθεν: from heaven, down from heaven

    ἦμος: when, while

    ἠριγένεια –ας ἡ: early-born, child of morn

    ῥοδοδάκτυλος –ον: rosy-fingered

    ἠώς ἠοῦς ἡ: dawn; Dawn

    ὀρμίζω ὁρμιοῦμαι ὥρμισα – ὥρμισμαι ὡρμίσθην: to bring (a ship) into harbor; (mid.) to come to anchor

    κοῖλος –η –ον: hollow

    σπέος gen. σπείους, dat. σπῆι, pl. dat. σπέσσι and σπήεσσι, τό: a cave, cavern, grotto

    εἰσερύω/εἰσειρύω εἰσερύω εἰσέρυσα/εἰσέρυσσα/εἰσείρυσα εἰσειρύσθην: to draw into

    νύμφη –ης ἡ: a young wife, bride; nymph, a divinity of waters or woods

    χορός –οῦ ὁ: dance, chorus; dancing place

    ἠδέ: and

    θᾶκος (Ion. θῶκος) –ου ὁ: a seat, chair

    ἀγορή –ῆς ἡ: market place, assembly

    μῦθος –ου ὁ: spoken thing, speech, plan, story

    θοός –ή –όν: swift 320

    βρῶσις –εως ἡ: meat

    πόσις –ιος/–εως ἡ: drinking, drink

    ἀπέχω ἀφέξω (or ἀποσχήσω) ἀπέσχον ἀπέσχηκα ––– –––: to keep apart, keep off (+ gen.); (mid.) to restrain oneself, abstain

    ἴφιος –α –ον: stout, fat

    μῆλον –ου τό: sheep or goat; (plur.) flock

    ἐφοράω (or ἐπορῶ) ἐπόψομαι ἐπεῖδον ἐφεόρακα/ἐφεώρακα ἐπῶμμαι/ἐφεόραμαι/ἐφεώραμαι ἐπώφθην: to oversee, observe, survey

    ἐπακούω ἐπακούσομαι ἐπήκουσα ἐπακήκοα ––– –––: to listen, hear

    ἐπιπείθομαι ἐπιπείσομαι ἐπεπιθόμην – ἐπιπέπεισμαι ἐπεπείσθην: to be persuaded (to)

    ἀγήνωρ –ορος: manly, courageous, heroic

    μείς μηνός ὁ: month

    ἄλληκτος –ον: unceasing, ceaseless 325

    ἄημι – – – – –: to breathe hard, blow

    Νότος –ου ὁ: the South Wind

    ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind

    Εὖρος –ου ὁ: the East wind

    Νότος –ου ὁ: the South Wind

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    Suggested Citation

    Thomas Van Nortwick and Rob Hardy, Homer: Odyssey 5–12. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2024. ISBN: 978-1-947822-17-7 https://dcc.dickinson.edu/homer-odyssey/xii-277-326