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ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

Iznik (ancient Nicaea) and Lake Iznik

a map showing the Vardar River (Axios in Greek), flowing through North Macedonia into Greece

The Vardar River, near Nogaevci, North Macedonia (Bohemond would would probably have crossed further to the south)

The Mausoleum of Bohemond, Conosa di Puglia, Italy

Map (in French) of the main crusader routes

Map of crusader routes

A Norman knight in chain mail, at the Battle of Hastings (1066); from the Bayeux Tapestry (no. 53)

The land walls of Constantinople, built by Theodosius II (408-450 CE)

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