Exercises 42.1 Concepts:
1. Greek verbs can express one of three ASPECTS. What are they? For each, give the Greek verb past tense.
2. All verbs of the PERFECT SYSTEM _______________ the initial sound of the verb stem, an addition that is called __________________ .
3. The tense marker of the PERFECT ACTIVE is __________________ .
4. Do the personal endings for the PERFECT ACTIVE resemble the primary endings of thematic or athematic verbs?
The play Seven against Thebes by Aeschylus dramatizes the battle between the two sons of Oedipus, Polynices and Eteocles for control of the city of Thebes. Polynices and an army headed by warriors from Argos (the “seven” of the title) are besieging the city, where Eteocles is mounting a defense. In one scene, Eteocles has an argument with a chorus of Theban women, as the attack begins. This section is a type of dialogue called in Greek “stichomythia,” where two parties exchange single lines in rapid fire.
Χόρος καὶ μὴν ἀκούω γ’ ἱππικῶν φρυαγμάτων.
Jesus performs some miracles:
21. ἕτερος δὲ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν αὐτῷ, Κύριε, ἐπίτρεψόν μοι πρῶτον ἀπελθεῖν καὶ θάψαι τὸν πατέρα μου. 22. ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς λέγει αὐτῷ, Ἀκολούθει μοι, καὶ ἄφες τοὺς νεκροὺς θάψαι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν νεκρούς.
Exercises 41.1 The imperative mood in Ancient Greek can be formed in what person(s)?
Exercises 41.2 The tense of the imperative verb in Ancient Greek reflects which of the following?
Exercises 41.3 The imperative can be formed in what tenses?
ὣς φάτο, τοῖσι δὲ πᾶσιν ὑφʼ ἵμερον ὦρσε γόοιο.
κλαῖε μὲν Ἀργείη Ἑλένη, Διὸς ἐκγεγαυῖα,
κλαῖε δὲ Τηλέμαχός τε καὶ Ἀτρεΐδης Μενέλαος,185
οὐδʼ ἄρα Νέστορος υἱὸς ἀδακρύτω ἔχεν ὄσσε·
μνήσατο γὰρ κατὰ θυμὸν ἀμύμονος Ἀντιλόχοιο,
τόν ῥʼ Ἠοῦς ἔκτεινε φαεινῆς ἀγλαὸς υἱός·
τοῦ ὅ γʼ ἐπιμνησθεὶς ἔπεα πτερόεντʼ ἀγόρευεν·
Ἀτρεΐδη, περὶ μέν σε βροτῶν πεπνυμένον εἶναι190
Νέστωρ φάσχʼ ὁ γέρων, ὅτʼ ἐπιμνησαίμεθα σεῖο
οἷσιν ἐνὶ μεγάροισι, καὶ ἀλλήλους ἐρέοιμεν.
τὴν δʼ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη ξανθὸς Μενέλαος·
οὕτω νῦν καὶ ἐγὼ νοέω, γύναι, ὡς σὺ ἐίσκεις·
κείνου γὰρ τοιοίδε πόδες τοιαίδε τε χεῖρες
ὀφθαλμῶν τε βολαὶ κεφαλή τʼ ἐφύπερθέ τε χαῖται.150
καὶ νῦν ἦ τοι ἐγὼ μεμνημένος ἀμφʼ Ὀδυσῆι
μυθεόμην, ὅσα κεῖνος ὀιζύσας ἐμόγησεν
ἀμφʼ ἐμοί, αὐτὰρ ὁ πικρὸν ὑπʼ ὀφρύσι δάκρυον εἶβε,
χλαῖναν πορφυρέην ἄντʼ ὀφθαλμοῖιν ἀνασχών.
τὸν δʼ αὖ Νεστορίδης Πεισίστρατος ἀντίον ηὔδα·155
Ἀτρεΐδη Μενέλαε διοτρεφές, ὄρχαμε λαῶν,
Exercises 40.1 The vocative and nominative endings are always identical in which of the following forms:
Exercises 40.2 When Greek speakers are being polite or formal, they use the following marker before the vocative:
ἀλλʼ ἔμπης πάντας μὲν ὀδυρόμενος καὶ ἀχεύων100
πολλάκις ἐν μεγάροισι καθήμενος ἡμετέροισιν
ἄλλοτε μέν τε γόῳ φρένα τέρπομαι, ἄλλοτε δʼ αὖτε
παύομαι· αἰψηρὸς δὲ κόρος κρυεροῖο γόοιο.
τῶν πάντων οὐ τόσσον ὀδύρομαι, ἀχνύμενός περ,
ὡς ἑνός, ὅς τέ μοι ὕπνον ἀπεχθαίρει καὶ ἐδωδὴν105
μνωομένῳ, ἐπεὶ οὔ τις Ἀχαιῶν τόσσʼ ἐμόγησεν,
ὅσσʼ Ὀδυσεὺς ἐμόγησε καὶ ἤρατο. τῷ δʼ ἄρʼ ἔμελλεν
αὐτῷ κήδεʼ ἔσεσθαι, ἐμοὶ δʼ ἄχος αἰὲν ἄλαστον
τοὺς δʼ ἐπεὶ οὖν δμῳαὶ λοῦσαν καὶ χρῖσαν ἐλαίῳ,
ἀμφὶ δʼ ἄρα χλαίνας οὔλας βάλον ἠδὲ χιτῶνας,50
ἔς ῥα θρόνους ἕζοντο παρʼ Ἀτρεΐδην Μενέλαον.
χέρνιβα δʼ ἀμφίπολος προχόῳ ἐπέχευε φέρουσα
καλῇ χρυσείῃ ὑπὲρ ἀργυρέοιο λέβητος,
νίψασθαι· παρὰ δὲ ξεστὴν ἐτάνυσσε τράπεζαν.
σῖτον δʼ αἰδοίη ταμίη παρέθηκε φέρουσα,55
εἴδατα πόλλʼ ἐπιθεῖσα, χαριζομένη παρεόντων.
δαιτρὸς δὲ κρειῶν πίνακας παρέθηκεν ἀείρας
παντοίων, παρὰ δέ σφι τίθει χρύσεια κύπελλα.
The city of Athens annually sponsored a public funeral for fallen soldiers. This particular one dates to the 390’s BCE. It was typical in this type of speech to recount a fairly standard history of Athens. One section summarizes the war between the Greeks and the Persians, nearly a century earlier. This particular passage describes how the Athenians responded to the famous battle by the Spartans at Thermopylae. When this paragraph begins, the Persian forces have just reached mainland Greece.
