Miscellaneous Examples

1a. πόνος: supply ἐστί.

1b. ἔλαβον: "I obtained," 1st sing. 2nd aor. ind. act. > λαμβάνω.

1c. ψυχῆς νοσούσης, etc.: the order is, λόγος ἐστὶ φάρμακον νοσούσης ψυχῆς. 

λόγος: "conversατιον," i.e., friendly communing. 

νοσούσης ψυχῆς: "of a distempered spirit," i.e., of a mind ill at ease. νοσούσης: gen. sing. fem. pres. ptc. act. > νοσέω.

1d. χαλεπὸν τὸ γῆρας, etc.: the order is, τὸ γῆράς ἐστι χαλεπὸν βάρος τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. 

χαλεπὸν βάρος: "a difficult burden."

1e. ἀφ’ οὗ: “from whom,” = ἀπὸ οὗ, the final vowel of ἀπό being cut off by apostrophe, and the preceding consonant aspirated.

καλεῖται: "is called," 3rd sing. pres. ind. pass. > καλέω.

1f. οὔτε ... οὔτε: "neither ... nor." 

ὠφελεῖ: 3rd sing. pres. ind. act. > ὠφελέω. 

2a. σιτοῦνται: "feed upon," literally, "feed themselves upon," 3rd pl. pres. ind. mid. > σιτέω; verbs meaning taste, smell, enjoy regularly take the genitive (G 510.e)

2b. οὐκ: "are not," supply εἰσί.

2c. Ἀγαθοκλέους ἐκλελοιπότος: "when Agathocles had died," more literally, "Agathocles having departed," gen. absolute. Agathocles of Syracuse was was a tyrant of Syracuse from 317 BC and king of much of Sicily from 304 BC until his death in 289.

ἐκλελοιπότος: gen. sing. perf. ptc. mid. > ἐκλείπω. 

στάσεως: this and the other gen., ἀναρχίας, are both governed by μεστὰ, an adjective of plenty. G. 512.

2d. ἐκ νεφέλης, etc.: "from the clouds is borne onward abundance of snow and of hail." The expression μένος χιόνος, etc., is a poetic one, and means literally, "the might of snow and hail." It carries with it the combined ideas of abundance and force, so that in the present instance the allusion will be to an abundant rushing of snow and hail from the clouds.

βροντὴ δὲ φέρεται: "thunder, too, is produced," i.e., is the result of. 

ἐξ ἀνέμων δὲ: "by the ςinds moreover." 

ταράσσεται: 3rd sing. pres. ind. pass. > ταράσσω. 

2e. καὶ νόσων ἥττων, etc.: "is subject to both diseases and old age," literally, "is less than," i.e., is inferior to, is less powerful than; supply ἐστί. 

3a. εἶχεν: 3rd sing. imperf. ind. act. > ἔχω.

3b. τοὺς ἀπαιδεύτους διαφέρειν: "that the uneducated differed," acc. with inf. 

διαφέρειν: imperf. inf. act. > διαφέρω, followed in construction by the gen. of the thing differed from (θηρίων).

3c. Ἀνάχαρσις: Anacharsis was a largely legendary Scythian prince who came to exemplify the wise barbarian.

ὀνειδιζόμενος, ὅτι: "on being reproached, because," pres. ptc. pass. > ὀνειδίζω. 

τῷ γένει, etc.: "I am a Scythian in my birth, but not in my manner of acting," i.e., but not in my character; supply Σκύθης εἰμί.

ἀλλ’: > ἀλλά.

3d. ἐξῆν: "it was permitted," i.e, it was in the power of; 3rd sing. imperf. ind. > ἔξεστι. 

ζῆν: pres. inf. act. of ζάω. The Attic writers contract –αε into –η, and –αει into –ῃ, in the four verbs, ζάω, διψάω, πεινάω, and χράομαι. This is properly a Doric and Ionic usage. 

βασιλεύειν: pres. inf. act. > βασιλεύω. This verb governs the genitive, as being equivalent to βασιλεύς εἰμι. 

ἄρχειν: pres. inf. act. > ἄρχω, which also governs the gen. (not expressed here), as being equivalent to ἄρχων εἰμί. 

μένειν: pres. infin. act. > μένω. 

ἢ παρὰ:  "than to stay with," supply μένειν or something equivalent. 

ὄντι: "being at the same time," dat. sing. pres. ptc. > εἰμί. 

ἀλλ’ οὐχ εἵλετο: "he preferred not, however," literally, "but he chose not for himself," 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. mid. > αἱρέω. G. 500.b.

ἀργὸς ὢν: "remaining in indolence," i.e., leading an indolent life, literally, "being indolent." 

καὶ μηδὲν χρώμενος τῇ ἀρετῇ: "and in no respect exercising manly virtue."

μηδὲν: neut. > μηδείς used as an adverb, "in no way," "by no means," LSJ μηδείς III.

χρώμενος: pres. ptc. mid. > χράομαι. 

3e. δεῖ τοὺς νέους, etc.: "it is right for the young to use moderation in gait, and general deportment, and dress." More freely, "the young ought to be modest in gait, general deportment, and attire." 

δεῖ: an impersonal verb (G. 493), construed here with the acc. and inf. 

χρῆσθαι: pres. inf. mid. > χράομαι (G. 320).

3f. ἔβαψεν: 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > βάπτω.

3g. μετὰ τοῦ παιδὸς Περσέως: "along with her young son Perseus." 

ἔρριψεν: 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > ῥίπτω. 

προσηνέχθη: "was carried," 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. pass. > προσφέρω. 

4a. Ποθεῖ: 3rd sing. pres. ind. act. > ποθέω. 

μεθ’ ἥλιον: "after the sun," i.e., after the glare of the sunlight.

μεθ’: > μετά, having lost the final vowel by apostrophe, and the preceding consonant being changed into an aspirate.

κἂν ἀφέλῃς, etc.: "and if you take from him this change, you make his pleasure sorrow," i.e., you convert into a source of discomfort, what would otherwise prove a source of pleasure.

κἂν: contraction > καὶ ἄν (G. 35). 

ἀφέλῃς: 2nd sing. 2nd aor. subj. act. > ἀφαιρέω. 

ποιεῖς: 2nd sing. pres. ind. act. > ποιέω.

4b. ἔλαβε: "received," 3rd sing. 2nd aor. ind. act. > λαμβάνω. 

παρ’: παρά. 

τόξα: "a bow and arrows," which is the force of the plural (LSJ τόξον II).

4c. δότε: 2nd pl. 2nd aor. imperat. act. > δίδωμι. 

5a. Ξέρξου πολεμοῦντος: "while Xerxes was carrying on war," gen. absolute. πολεμοῦντος: gen. sing. imperf. ptc. act. > πολεμέω. 

ἐδόκει: "thought," literally, "seemed," i.e., to her herself; 3rd sing. imperf. ind. act. > δοκέω. 

ἰδεῖν: "that she saw," 2nd aor. inf. act. > ὁράω (G. 350 and 391). Where no pronoun is expressed with the infinitive, as in the present case, the reference is to the same person that is implied by the preceding verb, and the pronoun is in fact understood in the nominative. Thus, ἐδόκει ἰδεῖν is for ἐδόκει αὐτὴ ἰδεῖν. 

ἐκπρεπεστάτα: acc. dual of the superlative > ἐκπρεπής. 

τοῦ αὐτοῦ γένους: "of the same lineage."

5b. Φίλιππος: Philip II, the well-known King of Macedonia, father of Alexander. This anecdote comes from Plutarch's Sayings of Kings and Commanders 26. 

γενόμενος: "having become," 2nd aor. ptc. mid. > γίνομαι. 

κριτὴς δυεῖν πονηροῖν: "a judge of (a dispute between) two worthless men," or "two rogues," see LSJ πονηρός III. 

ἐκέλευσε: 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > κελεύω. 

τὸν μὲν ... τὸν δὲ: "the one ... the other." 

φεύγειν: pres. inf. act. > φεύγω. 

διώκειν: pres. inf. act. 

6a. κολάζονται: 3rd pl. pres. ind. pass. > κολάζω. 

ἐν ᾅδου: "in Hades," i.e., in the lower or invisible world. In this form of expression ᾅδου (or Ἅιδου) is governed by οἴκῳ or δώματι understood, and hence it means literally, "in the abode or mansion of Hades.

6b. ἦσαν: "were," 3rd pl. imperf. ind. > εἰμί. 

ἐκ γενετῆς: "from their birth." 

ἕνα: acc. sing. masc. > εἷς, μία, ἕν. 

εἶχον: 3rd pl. imperf. ind. act. > ἔχω. 

τρεῖς οὖσαι: "although they were three in number," literally, "being three." 

καὶ ταῦτα: "and these," referring to the eye and tooth, regarded as things, and therefore neut.

παρὰ μέρος: "by turns." 

ὤπασαν: "they imparted," 3rd pl. 1st aor. ind. act. > ὀπάζω.

6c. Κλεάνθης: Cleanthes of Assos, the pioneering Stoic philosopher and boxer who was the successor to Zeno of Citium as the second head of the Stoic school in Athens. The source of this anecdote is Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers 7.5.174. 

εἰς: "on." 

ὄστρακα: fragments of terra cotta, potsherds, which were sometimes incised as a cheap and readily available writing material, for example in the Athenian custom of ostracism.

βοῶν ὠμοπλάτας: "the shoulder blades of oxen," i.e. their shoulder bones, which were broad and flat.

ἔγραφεν: "used to write," 3rd sing. imperf. ind. act. > γράφω. 

ἅπερ: "whatever things," acc. pl. neut. > ὅσπερ, ἥπερ, ὅπερ. 

ἤκουε: 3rd sing. imperf. ind. act. > ἀκούω. 

ἀπορίᾳ κερμάτων: "from an absolute want of a few coins." As we would say, "from the want of a few pennies." 

ὥστε ὠνήσασθαι: "with which to purchase," literally, "so as to purchase," 1st aor. inf. mid. > ὠνέομαι. 

7a. ἔνειμε: "has bestowed," 3rd sing. 1st aor. ind. act. > νέμω. 

ταχυτῆτα: acc. sing. > ταχυτής. 

κέρατα: acc. pl. > κέρας.

7b. παῖδα ἔτι ὄντα: "while yet a child," literally, "being as yet a child."

ὄντα: acc. sing. pres. ptc. > εἰμί. 

ἔτρεφε: 3rd sing. imperf. ind. act. > τρέφω. 

ἔθηκε: "rendered him," i.e., made him by this species of food; 3rd sing. 1st. aor. ind. act. > τίθημι.

7c. Ζήνων: Zeno of Citium.

ἔφη: 3rd sing. imperf. ind. > φημί. 

δεῖν τὰς πόλεις κοσμεῖν: "that it is right to adorn states," i e., that the true mode of adorning a state was. The impersonal δεῖν (inf. > δεῖ, G. 493) is here construed with the infinitive (κοσμεῖν > κοσμέω) and the acc. ἀνθρώπους understood. 

τῶν οἰκούντων: "of their inhabitants," literally, "of those inhabiting them," gen. pl. > οἰκῶν, pres. ptc. act. > οἱκέω.

7d. τὰς μὲν ὀκτὼ: "eight." 

τὴν δὲ μέσην: agreeing with κεφαλήν understood.