ἧος ὁ ταῦθ᾽ ὥρμαινε κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν,
ὦρσε δ᾽ ἐπὶ μέγα κῦμα Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων,
δεινόν τ᾽ ἀργαλέον τε, κατηρεφές, ἤλασε δ᾽ αὐτόν.
ὡς δ᾽ ἄνεμος ζαὴς ἠΐων θημῶνα τινάξῃ
καρφαλέων· τὰ μὲν ἄρ τε διεσκέδασ᾽ ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ·
ὣς τῆς δούρατα μακρὰ διεσκέδασ᾽. αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς370
ἀμφ᾽ ἑνὶ δούρατι βαῖνε, κέληθ᾽ ὡς ἵππον ἐλαύνων,
εἵματα δ᾽ ἐξαπέδυνε, τά οἱ πόρε δῖα Καλυψώ.
αὐτίκα δὲ κρήδεμνον ὑπὸ στέρνοιο τάνυσσεν,
αὐτὸς δὲ πρηνὴς ἁλὶ κάππεσε, χεῖρε πετάσσας,
νηχέμεναι μεμαώς. ἴδε δὲ κρείων ἐνοσίχθων,375
κινήσας δὲ κάρη προτὶ ὃν μυθήσατο θυμόν·
"οὕτω νῦν κακὰ πολλὰ παθὼν ἀλόω κατὰ πόντον,
εἰς ὅ κεν ἀνθρώποισι διοτρεφέεσσι μιγήῃς.
ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ὥς σε ἔολπα ὀνόσσεσθαι κακότητος."
ὣς ἄρα φωνήσας ἵμασεν καλλίτριχας ἵππους,380
ἵκετο δ᾽ εἰς Αἰγάς, ὅθι οἱ κλυτὰ δώματ᾽ ἔασιν.
αὐτὰρ Ἀθηναίη κούρη Διὸς ἄλλ᾽ ἐνόησεν.
ἦ τοι τῶν ἄλλων ἀνέμων κατέδησε κελεύθους,
παύσασθαι δ᾽ ἐκέλευσε καὶ εὐνηθῆναι ἅπαντας:
ὦρσε δ᾽ ἐπὶ κραιπνὸν Βορέην, πρὸ δὲ κύματ᾽ ἔαξεν,385
ἧος ὃ Φαιήκεσσι φιληρέτμοισι μιγείη
διογενὴς Ὀδυσεὺς θάνατον καὶ κῆρας ἀλύξας.
ἔνθα δύω νύκτας δύο τ᾽ ἤματα κύματι πηγῷ
πλάζετο, πολλὰ δέ οἱ κραδίη προτιόσσετ᾽ ὄλεθρον.
ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε δὴ τρίτον ἦμαρ ἐυπλόκαμος τέλεσ᾽ Ἠώς,390
καὶ τότ᾽ ἔπειτ᾽ ἄνεμος μὲν ἐπαύσατο ἠδὲ γαλήνη
ἔπλετο νηνεμίη: ὁ δ᾽ ἄρα σχεδὸν εἴσιδε γαῖαν
ὀξὺ μάλα προϊδών, μεγάλου ὑπὸ κύματος ἀρθείς.
ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἂν ἀσπάσιος βίοτος παίδεσσι φανήῃ
πατρός, ὃς ἐν νούσῳ κεῖται κρατέρ᾽ ἄλγεα πάσχων,395
δηρὸν τηκόμενος, στυγερὸς δέ οἱ ἔχραε δαίμων,
ἀσπάσιον δ᾽ ἄρα τόν γε θεοὶ κακότητος ἔλυσαν,
ὣς Ὀδυσῆ' ἀσπαστὸν ἐείσατο γαῖα καὶ ὕλη,
νῆχε δ᾽ ἐπειγόμενος ποσὶν ἠπείρου ἐπιβῆναι.
ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε τόσσον ἀπῆν ὅσσον τε γέγωνε βοήσας,400
καὶ δὴ δοῦπον ἄκουσε ποτὶ σπιλάδεσσι θαλάσσης:
ῥόχθει γὰρ μέγα κῦμα ποτὶ ξερὸν ἠπείροιο
δεινὸν ἐρευγόμενον, εἴλυτο δὲ πάνθ᾽ ἁλὸς ἄχνῃ·
οὐ γὰρ ἔσαν λιμένες νηῶν ὄχοι, οὐδ᾽ ἐπιωγαί.
ἀλλ᾽ ἀκταὶ προβλῆτες ἔσαν σπιλάδες τε πάγοι τε·405
καὶ τότ᾽ Ὀδυσσῆος λύτο γούνατα καὶ φίλον ἦτορ,
ὀχθήσας δ᾽ ἄρα εἶπε πρὸς ὃν μεγαλήτορα θυμόν·
notes
Poseidon keeps up the pressure on Odysseus, who puts on the veil given to him by Ino. Athena calms the winds, but Odysseus continues to drift until he finally sees the rocky coast of Phaeacia.
Poseidon’s storm finishes the dismantling of the fragile boat, scattering the shattered timbers he had so carefully crafted into the vehicle for his return to human civilization. Odysseus has reached a low point in his journey. Instead of a boat, he is reduced to riding a passing spar like a horse, a conveyance that no one except Poseidon would find useful in the middle of the sea.
read full essay
Faced with annihilation once again, he must let go of his resistance to trusting Ino. He accepts the bargain she offers, shedding Calypso’s clothing, the last vestiges of her control over him, and wraps himself in Ino’s veil. With this new leverage, he once again begins the long climb back from powerless anonymity to heroic glory.
Satisfied that he has inflicted as much suffering as possible on Odysseus, Poseidon rolls away over the waves. The hero does not have to wait long for help:
αὐτὰρ Ἀθηναίη κούρη Διὸς ἄλλ᾽ ἐνόησεν.
ἦ τοι τῶν ἄλλων ἀνέμων κατέδησε κελεύθους,
παύσασθαι δ᾽ ἐκέλευσε καὶ εὐνηθῆναι ἅπαντας:
ὦρσε δ᾽ ἐπὶ κραιπνὸν Βορέην, πρὸ δὲ κύματ᾽ ἔαξεν,
ἧος ὃ Φαιήκεσσι φιληρέτμοισι μιγείη
διογενὴς Ὀδυσεὺς θάνατον καὶ κῆρας ἀλύξας
But Athena, daughter of Zeus, had other plans.
She restrained the flow of all the other winds
and told them to settle down and go to sleep.
Then she roused the swift north wind and broke down the waves,
until Zeus-born Odysseus might mingle with
the oar-loving Phaeacians, escaping death and destruction.
Odyssey 5.382–87
A symmetrical divine response to Odysseus continues, Poseidon attacking, Athena defending. The inverted gender implications of the imagery in the two interventions repay closer inspection. Poseidon, male god of the sea, brings chaos and disorder, smashing the boat and undercutting the masculine project of channeling natural forces to create human civilization. His subversive acts reflect his annoyance at being left out of the deliberations on Olympus. Athena, the warrior goddess born from Zeus’s head without benefit of a mother, gets the masculine project back on track by restraining the winds and cutting a path through the waves to afford a straight course toward the human civilization of the Phaeacians. At the same time, she “puts the winds to sleep,” like an indulgent mother, a role she will play for Odysseus more than once in the poem. Though feminine forces have often been the source of obstacles in Odysseus’s journey homeward, at this moment we seem to have reached a turning point: Calypso’s lingering hold on the hero slips away with the clothes he sheds, and both Ino and Athena play a supportive maternal role, buoying him up as he reemerges from the primal sea to be reborn on shore.
Homer’s vision here is, as often, thrown into relief when compared to Virgil’s later reworking of the same material in the Aeneid, in the storm that Juno sends to keep the Trojans from reaching Carthage. Poseidon’s anger stems from a specific act by Odysseus, the blinding of his son, Polyphemus, while Athena loves the hero because he embodies traits that remind her of herself (cf. 13.287–310). The consequences of these divine attitudes are grave for Odysseus and those he meets, but not cosmic in their reach. Aeneas, by contrast, carries the burden of Juno’s anger not because of who he is or anything he chose willingly to do, but because he is dutifully headed for Carthage, a favorite city of Juno’s which, centuries in the future, his descendants will destroy. Juno’s anger will cause her to harry the Trojans across the Mediterranean, as Poseidon’s resentment periodically punishes Odysseus and his crew. But the reach of the Roman goddess’s rage is much wider and deeper, sweeping up whole civilizations in its wake.
Juno’s anger has its roots in the judgment of Paris, an event that precedes the Trojan War:
Arma virumque canō, Trōiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs
Ītaliam fātō profugus Lāvīniaque vēnit
lītora, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō
vī superum, saevae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram,
…………………………………………………..
necdum etiam causae īrārum saevīque dolōrēs
exciderant animō; manet altā mente repostum
iūdicium Paridis sprētaeque iniūria fōrmae…
I sing of arms and a man, who first from the shores
of Troy came to Italy and Lavinia’s shores,
a fugitive by fate, much tossed on land and sea
by the force of savage Juno’s unforgetting anger.
…………………………………………………..
not yet had the cause of her anger and savage grief
left her soul; there lingered deep in her mind
the judgment of Paris and the insult to spurned beauty…
Virgil, Aeneid 1.1–4, 25–27
In Virgil’s vision, Juno’s malignant rage stands behind all the subsequent suffering in the poem, the fall of Troy, the destruction of Dido, the subjugation of the native Italian people whom the Trojans will defeat. Its baleful effects stretch across the entire poem, fueled by jealousy and spite, producing immense suffering. Poseidon’s anger, which surfaces in the first divine assembly of Book 1, has a much more limited scope. He is understandably angry about his son Polyphemus being blinded and makes some short-lived meteorological mischief for Odysseus but acquiesces in Zeus’s verdict soon enough.
In the Odyssey, both Poseidon’s and Athena’s responses send mixed signals in terms of the traditional gender categories we have seen in the poem. The Sea God undermines the masculine order with his vengeful storm, while Athena steps in to restore masculine order. Virgil’s deities conform more strictly to expected behavior. The sources of disorder are invariably feminine, of order, masculine. The first scenes of the Aeneid reflect this pattern clearly: Juno’s rage drives her to seek out Aeolus, the minor deity in charge of the winds; she bribes him to send a storm to wreck the Trojan fleet by offering him a nymph to “marry”; he is outranked in the divine hierarchy and complies; Neptune, Aeolus’s male superior, then calms the winds and rolls away across the waves in his chariot, these last verses clearly modeled on Poseidon’s exit in Odyssey 5 (Aen. 1.51–156; Od. 5.380–81).
A gendered division of human experience informs Virgil’s vision of the world in his poem, surfacing insistently throughout. The Odyssey reflects the same distinctions, but the boundaries are more fluid, allowing the poet to focus our attention on them to explore the varieties of human experience more fully. That Athena is a female deity and yet champions the male hero, sometimes acting as the agent of masculine order against feminine disorder, sometimes as a maternal protectress, expands the paradigms of gendered behavior in ways that provoke further reflection on their meaning. Odysseus himself embodies both masculine and feminine traits, as the Greeks saw them, boldly challenging sea monsters (e.g., 12.225–33) but also resorting to deception to outmaneuver more powerful adversaries. Much of the darkness in the Aeneid comes from the iron grip of higher powers who enforce the boundaries of human action to preserve their cosmic order. As we watch Aeneas and the Trojans respond to these forces, we learn about how human life can be destroyed but also ennobled by their struggles. The world of the Odyssey, by contrast, is a wide-open space for us to contemplate how our received ideas about human experience might be enriched by our loosening our grip on them.
Further Reading
Dimock, G. 1989. The Unity of the Odyssey, 70–73. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press.
Van Nortwick, T. 1992. Somewhere I Have Never Travelled: The Second Self and the Hero’s Journey in Ancient Epic, 89–94. New York: Oxford University Press.
366 ἐπὶ: "overhead," adverbial.
368 ὡς: introducing a simile.
368 ἠΐων … / καρφαλέων: “of dry chaff” > τὰ ἤϊα, in this sense only in this passage.
368 τινάξῃ: 3rd sing. aor. act. subj. The aorist is common in similes (Smyth 1935), as is the subjunctive (Smyth 2483).
369 ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ: “in all directions.”
370 ὡς: “so…,” marking the end of the simile.
370 τῆς: i.e., of the raft (τῆς σχεδίης).
371 ἀμφ᾽ ἑνὶ δούρατι βαῖνε: “went astride (ἀμφί) one (ἑνὶ) plank.” ἑνὶ > εἷς.
371 κέληθ᾽ ὡς ἵππον ἐλαύνων: “as if riding a horse.”
371 κέληθ᾽: = κέλητα, masc. acc. sing. > κέλης.
373 Odysseus finally follows the instructions Ino gave him in line 346.
374 ἁλὶ: dative of place where.
374 κάππεσε: 3rd sing. aor. act. indic. > καταπίπτω.
375 νηχέμεναι: pres. act. infin. > νήχω. Complementary infinitive with μεμαώς.
375 μεμαώς: masc. nom. sing. ptc. > μέμαα.
375 ἴδε: 3rd sing. aor. act. indic. > *εἴδω.
376 a repetition of line 285, introducing Poseidon’s second soliloquy.
377 ἀλόω: 2nd sing. pres. mid./pass. dep. imperat. > ἀλάομαι.
378 εἰς ὅ κεν … μιγήῃς: “until you come into contact with (mix with)…” General temporal clause (κεν + subj.).
378 μιγήῃς: 2nd sing. aor. pass. subj. > μ(ε)ίγνυμι.
379 οὐδ᾽ … σε ἔολπα ὀνόσσεσθαι: indirect discourse introduced by ἔολπα and followed by an accusative (σε) and infinitive (ὀνόσσεσθαι) construction. As Stanford points out, Poseidon is being sarcastic here.
379 ἔολπα: 1st sing. pf. act. indic. > ἔλπω, with present force.
379 ὀνόσσεσθαι: fut. mid. infin. > ὄνομαι (“to find fault with”).
379 κακότητος: “with your evils,” genitive with ὀνόσσεσθαι.
382 ἄλλ(α) ἐνόησεν: “had other ideas.”
385 ὦρσε δ᾽ ἐπὶ: "roused," tmesis > ἐπόρνυμι.
385 πρὸ δὲ κύματ᾽ ἔαξεν: “and broke the waves in front (of him),” tmesis > προάγνυμι.
386 ἧος ὃ … μιγείη: “until he comes into contact with …,” indefinite temporal clause with optative in secondary sequence (Smyth 2399).
388 πλάζετο: “was beaten by …,” unaugmented impf. pass. > πλάζω.
389 πολλὰ: “many times.”
389 οἱ: dative of possession with κραδίη.
389 προτιόσσετ(ο): “foresaw” > προτιόσσομαι.
391 γαλήνη / ἔπλετο νηνεμίη: lit., “the stillness of the sea became calm.”
392 εἴσιδε: 3rd sing. aor. act. indic. > *εἰσείδω.
393 ὀξὺ: "keenly," adverbial.
393 προϊδών: masc. nom. sing. aor. act. ptc. > *προείδω.
393 ὑπὸ: with genitive, expresses the personal agent of a passive verb (in this case, ἀρθείς: aor. pass. ptc. > αἴρω), but in this instance is used with a “personified” natural phenomenon, the wave (κύματος). See Smyth 1698, N.1 (3).
394 ὡς δ᾽ ὅτ᾽ ἂν …: “just as whenever …,” introducing a simile. The aorist is common in similes (Smyth 1935). ὅτ᾽ ἂν introduces a general temporal clause with subjunctive (φανήῃ: 3rd sing. aor. pass. subj. > φαίνω).
394 ἀσπάσιος: predicate after φανήῃ.
396 οἱ ἔχραε: “assails him,” 3rd sing. aor. act. indic. > χράω (LSJ χράω A), with dative.
397 κακότητος ἔλυσαν: “release from evil (hardship),” genitive of separation (Smyth 1392). The aorist can be translated as a present in a simile (Smyth 1935).
398 ὡς: “so…,” marking the end of the simile.
398 Ὀδυσῆ(ϊ): dat.
398 ἐείσατο: 3rd sing. aor. mid. indic. > εἴδομαι. The two singular nominatives, γαῖα καὶ ὕλη, are the subjects of the singular verb.
399 ποσὶν ἠπείρου ἐπιβῆναι: “to set foot on the land with his feet.” ποσὶν is pleonastic.
400 ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε τόσσον ἀπῆν ὅσσον τε γέγωνε βοήσας: “but when he was as far away as he made himself heard when shouting,” i.e., when he was within shouting distance.
401 ποτὶ: = πρὸς, “against,” with dative.
401 θαλάσσης: with δοῦπον rather than σπιλάδεσσι.
402 ῥόχθει: unaugmented 3rd sing. impf. act. indic.
402 ποτὶ ξερὸν ἠπείροιο: “against the dry land.”
403 εἴλυτο: 3rd sing. plupf. pass. indic. > εἰλύω, with past meaning.
403 πάνθ': "completely," adverbial.
406 λύτο: 3rd sing. aor. pass. indic. > λύω. γούνατα καὶ φίλον ἦτορ are the subjects of the singular verb.
vocabulary
ὁρμαίνω ὁρμανῶ ὥρμηνα: to turn over
φρήν φρενός ἡ: diaphragm; heart, mind, wits
ὄρνυμι ὄρσω ὦρσα ὄρωρα ὀρώρεμαι –––: to stir up, move; (mid.) to rise, get up
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
Ποσειδῶν (or Ποσειδάων) –ῶνος ὁ: Poseidon
ἐνοσίχθων –ονος ὁ: earth-shaker (epithet of Poseidon)
ἀργαλέος –α –ον: hard to endure or deal with, difficult
κατηρεφής –ες: covered over, vaulted, overhanging
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
ζαής –ές: strong-blowing, stormy
ἤια –ατος τό: chaff
θημών –ῶνος ὁ: a heap
τινάσσω τινάξω ἐτίναξα ––– τετίναγμαι ἐτινάχθην: to shake
καρφαλέος –α –ον: dry, parched
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
διασκεδάννυμι διασκεδῶ διεσκέδασα ––– διεσκέδασμαι διεσκεσάσθην: to scatter abroad, scatter to the winds, disperse
ἄλλυδις: elsewhere, here and there, in another direction
ἄλλῃ: in another place, elsewhere
δόρυ δόρατος τό: spear; timber, beam (of a ship)370
διασκεδάννυμι διασκεδῶ διεσκέδασα ––– διεσκέδασμαι διεσκεσάσθην: to scatter abroad, scatter to the winds, disperse
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet, consequently
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
δόρυ δόρατος τό: spear; timber, beam (of a ship)
κέλης –ητος ὁ: a courser, riding-horse
εἷμα –ατος τό: clothing
ἐξαποδύνω – – – – : to put off
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
πόρω ––– ἔπορον ––– ––– –––: to offer, furnish, supply, give; (pf. pass. 3 sing.) it is fated
δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining
Καλυψώ –οῦς ἡ: Calypso, a goddess, daughter of Atlas
κρήδεμνον –ου τό: a veil
στέρνον –ου τό: chest
τανύω τανύσω ἐτάνυσα – τετάνυσμαι ἐτανύσθην: to stretch, extend, lie (in a geographical sense); to set up; to strain
πρηνής –ές: with the face downwards, head-foremost
ἅλς ἁλός ὁ: salt (m.); sea (f.)
καταπίπτω καταπεσοῦμα κατέπεσον καταπέπτωκα: to fall
πεταννύω/πετάννυμι πετῶ ἐπέτασα πεπέτακα πέπταμαι ἐπετάσθην: to spread out
νήχω νήξομαι ἐνηξάμην: to swim375
μάω – – – – –: be eager, press on
κρείων fem. -ουσα: commanding, kingly; (as subst.) ruler
ἐνοσίχθων –ονος ὁ: earth-shaker (epithet of Poseidon)
κάρα –ατος τό: the head
ἑός ἑή ἑόν: his, her, own
μυθέομαι μυθήσομαι μεμύθημαι ἐμυθήθην: speak or talk of, describe, explain, relate
ἀλάομαι ἀλήσομαι ἀλάλημαι ἠλήθην: to wander, stray
πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea
Διοτρεφής –ές: cherished by Zeus
ἔλπω – – – – –: to hope
ὄνομαι ὀνόσσομαι ὠνοσάμην – – ὠνόσθην: to blame, find fault with, throw a slur upon, treat scornfully
κακότης –ητος ἡ: badness
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus380
φωνέω φωνήσω ἐφώνησα πεφώνηκα πεφώνημαι ἐφωνήθην: make a sound, speak
ἱμάσσω ἱμάσω ἵμασα: to flog
καλλίθριξ -τριχος: with beautiful fleece or hair
ἱκνέομαι ἵξομαι ἱκόμην ––– ἷγμαι –––: to come, reach
Αἰγαί –ῶν αἱ: town in Achaea, seat of worship of Poseidon
ὅθι: where
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
κλuτός –ή –όν: illustrious, glorious
δῶμα –ατος τό: house (often in plural)
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet, consequently
Ἀθήνη –ης ἡ: Athena
κόρη (or κούρη) –ης ἡ: girl, maiden; daughter
Ζεύς Διός ὁ: Zeus
νοέω νοοῦμαι ––– ––– ––– –––: perceive, observe, think
τοι: let me tell you, surely
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
καταδέω καταδεήσω κατεδέησα καταδεδέηκα καταδεδέημαι κατεδεήθην: to bind, take prisoner, convict, cast a spell on
κέλευθος –ου ἡ: path, with neuter plural κέλευθα
εὐνάω εὐνάσω εὔνασα/ηὔνασα ––– ηὔνασμαι εὐνάσθην: to cause to lie down; (pass.) to lie down, go to bed (of sexual relations)
ὄρνυμι ὄρσω ὦρσα ὄρωρα ὀρώρεμαι –––: to stir up, move; (mid.) to rise, get up385
κραιπνός –ή –όν: rapid, rushing
Βορέης Βορέαο ὁ: Boreas, North Wind
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
ἀγνύω/ἄγνυμι ἄξω ἔαξα ἔαγα: to break, smash
Φαίαξ –ακος ὁ: a Phaeacian
φιλήρετμος –ον: loving the oar
διογενής –ές: sprung from Zeus (epithet of Odysseus)
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
κήρ κηρός ἡ: doom, death, fate
ἀλύσκω ἀλύξω ἤλυξα ––– ––– –––: to flee from, shun, avoid, forsake
ἦμαρ –ατος τό: day
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
πηγός –ή –όν: well put together, compact, strong
πλάζω πλάγξομαι ἔπλαγξα ––– ––– ἐπλάγχθην: to make to wander
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
καρδία –ας ἡ: heart
προτιόσσομαι – – – – –: to look at
ὄλεθρος –ου ὁ: ruin, destruction, death
ἦμαρ –ατος τό: day390
ἐϋπλόκαμος –ον: fairhaired
τελέω τελῶ or τελέσω ἐτέλεσα τετέλεκα τετέλεσμαι ἐτελέσθην: to finish, complete, carry out
ἠώς ἠοῦς ἡ: dawn; Dawn
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
ἠδέ: and
γαλήνη –ης ἡ: stillness of the sea, calm
πέλω ––– ἔπλον ––– ––– –––: to be (the aor. has pres. signif.)
νηνεμίη –ης ἡ: windless calm, dead calm (in a negative sense)
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
σχεδόν: near; almost
εἰσοράω εἰσόψομαι εἰσεῖδον εἰσεόρακα/εἰσεώρακα/εἰσόπωπα εἰσεόραμαι/εἰσεώραμαι/εἰσῶμμαι εἰσώφθην: to look into, look upon, view, behold
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
προεῖδον (aor. of προοράω): to see beforehand, catch sight of
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
ἀσπάσιος [–α] –ον: well-received, welcome, pleasing; pleased, glad; (adv.) ἀσπασίως gladly, joyfully, willingly
βίοτος –ου ὁ: life, sustenance, livelihood
κρατερός –ά –όν: strong, powerful, mighty395
ἄλγος –ους τό: pain
δηρός –ά –όν: long, too long
τήκω τήξω ἔτηξα ––– ––– –––: to melt, melt down
στυγερός –ά –όν: hated, abominated, loathed; chilling
οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
χράω χρήσω ἔκρησα κέχρηκα ––– –––: to fall upon, attack, assail; deliver an oracle, (mid.) consult an oracle
ἀσπάσιος [–α] –ον: well-received, welcome, pleasing; pleased, glad; (adv.) ἀσπασίως gladly, joyfully, willingly
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
κακότης –ητος ἡ: badness
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
ἀσπαστός –ή –όν: welcome
εἴδομαι εἴσομαι εἰσάμην: to be visible, appear; to seem; to know, understand
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
ὕλη –ης ἡ: woods, forest; firewood
νήχω νήξομαι ἐνηξάμην: to swim
ἐπείγω ἐπείξομαι ἤπειξα ––– ἤπειγμαι ἐπείχθην: to press hard; (pass.) to be in a hurry
ἤπειρος –ου ἡ: land, mainland, continent
ἐπιβαίνω ἐπιβήσομαι ἐπέβην ἐπιβέβηκα ––– –––: to go on, enter, step up, mount, board (a ship) + gen.
τόσος –η –ον: so great, so vast400
ἄπειμι ἀπέσομαι ––– ––– ––– –––: to be away, be distant, be absent
γέγωνα (perf. of γεγωνέω): to shout, cry out
βοάω βοήσομαι ἐβόησα βεβόηκα βεβόημαι ἐβοήθην: to shout, roar
δοῦπος –ου ὁ: any dead, heavy sound, a thud
σπιλάς –άδος ἡ: a rock over which the sea dashes, a ledge of rock
ῥοχθέω – – – – –: to dash with a roaring sound
κῦμα –ατος τό: wave
ξερόν –οῦ τό: dry land
ἤπειρος –ου ἡ: land, mainland, continent
ἐρεύγομαι ἐρεύξομαι ἠρευξάμην: belch out, disgorge
εἰλύω εἰλύσω ––– ––– εἴλυμαι ἐλύσθην: to enfold, envelop; (mid. pass.) to be wrapped, covered, concealed
ἅλς ἁλός ὁ: salt (m.); sea (f.)
ἄχνη –ης ἡ: foam, froth
λιμήν –ένος ὁ: harbor
ὄχος –ους τό: a carriage, shelter
ἐπιωγαί –ῶν αἱ: places of shelter
ἀκτή –ῆς ἡ: headland, foreland, promontory405
προβλής –ῆτος: forestretching, jutting
σπιλάς –άδος ἡ: a rock over which the sea dashes, a ledge of rock
πάγος –ου ὁ: crag, rocky hill
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
γόνυ γόνατος (or γουνός) τό: knee
ἦτορ τό: the heart
ὀχθέω ὀχθήσω ὤχθησα: to be sorely angered, to be vexed in spirit
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
ἑός ἑή ἑόν: his, her, own
μεγαλήτωρ –ορος: great - hearted, proud