"ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μ᾽ αὐτίκ᾽ ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπε·440

‘τῷ νῦν μή ποτε καὶ σὺ γυναικί περ ἤπιος εἶναι·

μή οἱ μῦθον ἅπαντα πιφαυσκέμεν, ὅν κ᾽ ἐὺ εἰδῇς,

ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν φάσθαι, τὸ δὲ καὶ κεκρυμμένον εἶναι.

ἀλλ᾽ οὐ σοί γ᾽, Ὀδυσεῦ, φόνος ἔσσεται ἔκ γε γυναικός·

λίην γὰρ πινυτή τε καὶ εὖ φρεσὶ μήδεα οἶδε445

κούρη Ἰκαρίοιο, περίφρων Πηνελόπεια.

ἦ μέν μιν νύμφην γε νέην κατελείπομεν ἡμεῖς

ἐρχόμενοι πόλεμόνδε· πάϊς δέ οἱ ἦν ἐπὶ μαζῷ

νήπιος, ὅς που νῦν γε μετ᾽ ἀνδρῶν ἵζει ἀριθμῷ,

ὄλβιος· ἦ γὰρ τόν γε πατὴρ φίλος ὄψεται ἐλθών,450

καὶ κεῖνος πατέρα προσπτύξεται, ἣ θέμις ἐστίν.

ἡ δ᾽ ἐμὴ οὐδέ περ υἷος ἐνιπλησθῆναι ἄκοιτις

ὀφθαλμοῖσιν ἔασε· πάρος δέ με πέφνε καὶ αὐτόν.

ἄλλο δέ τοι ἐρέω, σὺ δ᾽ ἐνὶ φρεσὶ βάλλεο σῇσιν·

κρύβδην, μηδ᾽ ἀναφανδά, φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν455

νῆα κατισχέμεναι· ἐπεὶ οὐκέτι πιστὰ γυναιξίν.

ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον,

εἴ που ἔτι ζώοντος ἀκούετε παιδὸς ἐμοῖο,

ἤ που ἐν Ὀρχομενῷ ἢ ἐν Πύλῳ ἠμαθόεντι,

ἤ που πὰρ Μενελάῳ ἐνὶ Σπάρτῃ εὐρείῃ·460

οὐ γάρ πω τέθνηκεν ἐπὶ χθονὶ δῖος Ὀρέστης.’

ὣς ἔφατ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπον:

‘ Ἀτρεΐδη, τί με ταῦτα διείρεαι; οὐδέ τι οἶδα,

ζώει ὅ γ᾽ ἦ τέθνηκε· κακὸν δ᾽ ἀνεμώλια βάζειν.’

νῶι μὲν ὣς ἐπέεσσιν ἀμειβομένω στυγεροῖσιv465

ἕσταμεν ἀχνύμενοι θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυ χέοντες·

ἦλθε δ᾽ ἐπὶ ψυχὴ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος

καὶ Πατροκλῆος καὶ ἀμύμονος Ἀντιλόχοιο

Αἴαντός θ᾽, ὃς ἄριστος ἔην εἶδός τε δέμας τε

τῶν ἄλλων Δαναῶν μετ᾽ ἀμύμονα Πηλεΐωνα.470

ἔγνω δὲ ψυχή με ποδώκεος Αἰακίδαο

καί ῥ᾽ ὀλοφυρομένη ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·

‘διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχαν᾽ Ὀδυσσεῦ,

σχέτλιε, τίπτ᾽ ἔτι μεῖζον ἐνὶ φρεσὶ μήσεαι ἔργον;

πῶς ἔτλης Ἄϊδόσδε κατελθέμεν, ἔνθα τε νεκροὶ475

ἀφραδέες ναίουσι, βροτῶν εἴδωλα καμόντων;’

ὣς ἔφατ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ μιν ἀμειβόμενος προσέειπον·

‘ὦ Ἀχιλεῦ Πηλῆος υἱέ, μέγα φέρτατ᾽ Ἀχαιῶν,

ἦλθον Τειρεσίαο κατὰ χρέος, εἴ τινα βουλὴν

εἴποι, ὅπως Ἰθάκην ἐς παιπαλόεσσαν ἱκοίμην·480

οὐ γάρ πω σχεδὸν ἦλθον Ἀχαιΐδος, οὐδέ πω ἁμῆς

γῆς ἐπέβην, ἀλλ᾽ αἰὲν ἔχω κακά. σεῖο δ᾽, Ἀχιλλεῦ,

οὔ τις ἀνὴρ προπάροιθε μακάρτατος οὔτ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ὀπίσσω.

πρὶν μὲν γάρ σε ζωὸν ἐτίομεν ἶσα θεοῖσιν

Ἀργεῖοι, νῦν αὖτε μέγα κρατέεις νεκύεσσιν485

ἐνθάδ᾽ ἐών· τῷ μή τι θανὼν ἀκαχίζευ, Ἀχιλλεῦ.’

    Agamemnon warns Odysseus not to trust Penelope completely, then asks about his son, Orestes.

    In case Odysseus has missed the import of his story, Agamemnon offers some advice: don’t be ἤπιος, (“sweet,” “kind,”) to your wife. According to Athena, one good reason for Odysseus to be released from captivity on Calypso’s island is that he was ἤπιος as a father (5.8), but according to Agamemnon standards for treating wives are different. Odysseus must not reveal everything he knows to his wife: Tell her some of it, hide the rest. In short, use the traits that have gotten him this far. Tragic heroes are not known for their skill at or affection for this kind of dissembling. In a famous reply to Odysseus from Book 9 of the Iliad, Achilles states the matter plainly:

    read full essay

    ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος ὁμῶς Ἀΐδαο πύλῃσιν 
    ὅς χ᾽ ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ.

    I hate like the gates of Hades the man 
    who hides one thing in his mind and says another.

    Iliad 9.312–13

    Achilles is the epitome of the tragic hero, passionate, expressive, holding nothing back. The entire plot of the Iliad is launched by a furious argument between him and Agamemnon, neither of whom seems to hide anything. In this, both men embody the kind of hero that a tragic story needs, always pushing against constraints, regardless of the consequences for them or others, as the story urges them and us toward the goal of its narrative, the recognition that for mortals, death is inevitable. As we have seen, the Odyssey is not such a story. Its hero must serve the narrative goal of restoring right order. He cannot be reckless in pursuit of what his passion points him toward because he must survive at all costs. Each encounter in the underworld reinforces the need for Odysseus to be a different kind of hero.

    Wives, then, cannot be trusted. But Agamemnon makes an exception in Penelope’s case: She, unlike other women, is too prudent and level-headed to murder Odysseus. Conjuring up a nostalgic memory, the commander paints a rosy tableau from twenty years before, Penelope as a new bride with Telemachus at her breast. And in Agamemnon’s imagination, that little child has grown up to take his place amidst the men of Ithaka, happy and blessed, ready to defer, rightly (ἣ θέμις ἐστίν, 451), to his father. No mention of the suitors here, or the chaos we have seen at the royal palace. As far as Agamemnon knows, right order persists in Ithaka, despite Odysseus’s absence. Now the tone shifts again, as thinking about Telemachus reminds Agamemnon that thanks to Clytemnestra’s betrayal, he will never see Orestes again, which in turn leads to more advice: return home in secret, not openly; there is no trusting women. Turning away from these thoughts leads him to safer ground, the prospect of his glory living on through his son: Has Odysseus heard anything about Orestes? Is he still living, and if so, where? Surely, he can’t be dead. But Odysseus cannot reassure him. He has heard nothing of Orestes.

    Agamemnon’s words show a soul in torment, veering between anger at his own betrayal and wistful admiration for Odysseus’s apparent good fortune. Overcome by bitterness—and, we suspect, shame—he denounces all women as sneaky and treacherous, then seems to catch himself and exempt Penelope. But his obsessions crowd back in and he circles back to his sweeping condemnation of all women: οὐκέτι πιστὰ γυναιξίν (456). Finally, thinking of Orestes seems to pull him back from his rage. In this short passage, we see a vivid example of precisely the temperament that Odysseus must combat in himself if he is to survive: poorly-controlled, corrosive emotions that pull Agamemnon apart. This brief portrait shows the same subtle understanding of human behavior and its underlying causes that characterizes the portrait of Agamemnon in the Iliad. There, his pride and arrogance, fueled by insecurity about his status in relation to Achilles, lead him to disastrous choices. He was not a bad man, just not sufficiently self-aware, unable to distance himself enough from his emotions to exert steady leadership. The same traits emerge in his brief cameo here.

    The Iliad’s shadow continues to fall over the scene as Odysseus next meets the enfeebled residue of four more fallen warriors, Achilles, Patroclus, Antilochus, and Ajax. Characteristically, only the first will speak. Achilles, like Teiresias, wonders why Odysseus would want to visit the underworld:

    διογενὲς Λαερτιάδη, πολυμήχαν᾽ Ὀδυσσεῦ, 
    σχέτλιε, τίπτ᾽ ἔτι μεῖζον ἐνὶ φρεσὶ μήσεαι ἔργον; 
    πῶς ἔτλης Ἄϊδόσδε κατελθέμεν, ἔνθα τε νεκροὶ 
    ἀφραδέες ναίουσι, βροτῶν εἴδωλα καμόντων;

    Zeus-born son of Laertes, clever Odysseus, 
    never weary, why do you plan a still greater deed? 
    How can you stand to come down to Hades’ house, 
    where the witless dead live, shadows of struggling men?

    Odyssey 11.473–76

    To the prophet, Hades is a dark and cheerless place, full of dead people. For Achilles, the issue is, not surprisingly, weakness. The remnants of great warriors lack minds to think with and bodies to hurl into the world. The treachery of women fades from view now, as Achilles laments his powerlessness. Odysseus explains that he has come for help from Teiresias so he can finally return home. But why is Achilles grieving? He is the “most blessed” (483) of all men, before or since, honored like a god, and now rules over the dead. Achilles’ answer will take us back to the central differences between tragic and comic heroes and the poems they inhabit.

     

    Further Reading

    Greenberg, N. 1990. “The Attitude of Agamemnon.” Classical 86, 193–205.

     

    441  μή … εἶναι: infin., used as an imperative. (Monro 241).

    442  μηδ᾽ … πιφαυσκέμεν: infin., used as an imperative. (Monro 241).

    442  πιφαυσκέμεν: infin.

    442  ὅν κ᾽ … εἰδῇς: conditional relative clause; the antecedent is μῦθον.

    443  τὸ μὲν … τὸ δὲ …: “one thing … another thing …”

    443  φάσθαι: infin., used as an imperative. (Monro 241).

    443  εἶναι: “let … be,” infin., used as imperative. (Monro 241).

    445  πινυτή: supply the verb ἐστί.

    447  κατελείπομεν: “we left …,” with external object and predicate accusative (Smyth 1613).

    448  οἱ: “her,” dative of possession.

    449  μετ(ά): “among,” with ἀριθμῷ.

    451  : rel. pron., with the preceding statement as its antecedent.

    452  ἡ δ᾽ ἐμὴ: with ἄκοιτις.

    452  οὐδέ περ: “not even.”

    452  υἷος: gen. ( = υἱέ-ος, see Monro 107.5) after ἐνιπλησθῆναι.

    452  ἐνιπλησθῆναι: “to get my fill of,” aor. pass. infin. > ἐμπίμπλημι, with genitive.

    453  ἔασε: supply the object με.

    454  βάλλεο: 2nd sing. mid. imperat.

    454  σῇσι: possessive adj., modifying φρεσὶ.

    456  νῆα κατισχέμεναι: “land your ship,” infin. > κατίσχω (Monro 241), used as  imperative.

    456  πιστὰ: “trustworthiness” (lit., “trustworthy things”). Supply the verb ἐστί.

    457  ἀτρεκέως: “exactly.”

    458  ζώοντος … παιδὸς ἐμοῖο: “about …,” “(anything) of …”

    463  με ταῦτα διείρεαι: a verb of asking with a double accusative (Smyth 1628)

    464  ὅ γ᾽ ἦ: “whether he … or …”

    464  κακὸν: supply ἐστί.

    464  ἀνεμώλια: “like the wind,” “empty words.”

    465  νῶϊ: “we,” dual.

    465  ἀμειβομένω: dual.

    467  ἦλθε δ᾽ ἐπὶ: “came up,” “approached.”

    469  ἔην: ἦν.

    469  εἶδος … δέμας: accusatives of respect.

    470  μετ(ά): “after,” “second only to.”

    471  ἔγνω: 3rd sing. aor. > γιγνώσκω.

    474  μήσεαι: 2nd sing. fut. > μήδομαι.

    475  Ἄϊδόσδε: “to the house of Hades.” Ἄϊδος is an Epic genitive form, and -δε a directional suffix.

    475  κατελθέμεν: aor. infin.

    478  Τειρεσίαο κατὰ χρέος: “to consult Teiresias.” κατὰ with the accusative can express purpose (Smyth §1690.2.c).

    479  εἰ … εἴποι: “in the hope that he might.” εἴ + opt., optative of wish (Monro 312; Smyth 2354).

    480  ὅπως … ἱκοίμην: “how I might reach….” indirect question with optative in secondary sequence, or a purpose clause (“so that I might”).

    481  σχεδὸν … Ἀχαιΐδος: “near …,” with genitive.

    482  ἐπέβην: “set foot on,” with genitive.

    483  προπάροιθε … ὀπισσω: indicating time rather than direction.

    484  πρὶν: “before.”

    484  ἶσα: “equally,” adverbial neut.

    485  μέγα: adverbial.

    485  νεκύεσσιν: “among the dead.”

    486  ἀκαχίζευ: 2nd mid. imperat.

    ἀμείβω ἀμείψω ἤμειψα ἤμειφα ἤμειμμαι ἠμείφθην: to respond, answer; to exchange; (mid.) to take turns, alternate; to change, place, pass 440

    προσεῖπον (aor. 2 of προσαγορεύω and προσφωνέω); Εp. προσέειπον: to speak to one, address, accost

    τῷ: then, in that case; for this reason, thus

    ἤπιος [–α] –ον: gentle, mild, kind

    ἕ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself

    μῦθος –ου ὁ: spoken thing, speech, plan, story

    πιφαύσκω: to make manifest, declare, tell of

    κρύπτω κρύψω ἔκρυψα κέκρυμμαι ἐκρύφθην: hide, cover over

    Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey

    φόνος –ου ὁ: murder, slaughter, corpse

    λίαν: a great deal, extremely; excessively, too much 445

    πινυτός –ή –όν: wise, prudent, discreet, understanding

    φρήν φρενός ἡ: diaphragm; heart, mind, wits

    μῆδος –ους τό: counsels, plans, arts, schemes

    κόρη (or κούρη) –ης ἡ: girl, maiden; daughter

    Ἰκάριος –ου ὁ: Icarius, father of Penelope

    περίφρων –ον: wise, thoughtful, prudent

    Πηνελόπεια –ας ἡ: Penelope, the daughter of Icarius, and wife of Odysseus

    μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself

    νύμφη –ης ἡ: a young wife, bride; nymph, a divinity of waters or woods

    καταλείπω καλλείψω κάλλιπον καταλέλοιπα καταλέλειμμαι κατελείφθην: to leave behind

    πόλεμόνδε: to the war, into the fight

    ἕ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself

    μάζος –οῦ ὁ: one of the breasts

    νήπιος –α –ον: infant, child; silly, ignorant, without foresight

    ἵζω εἵσομαι εἷσα/ἵζησα ἵζηκα: to take a seat, sit down; cause to take a seat

    ὅλβιος –α –ον: happy, blest, blessed 450

    προσπτύσσω προσπτύξω περιέπτυξα ––– περιέπτυγμαι προσεπτύχθην: to embrace

    θέμις –ιστος ἡ: norm, custom; right, law

    ἐμπίμπλημι ἐμπλήσω ἐνέπλησα ἐμπέπληκα ἐμπέπλησμαι ἐωεπλήθην: to fill; (mid.) to get one's fill of

    ἄκοιτις –ιος ἡ: a spouse, wife

    πάρος: before, formerly

    φένω ––– ἔπεφνον: to strike, wound; slay

    ἐρῶ εἴρηκα ἐρρήθην: to say, tell, speak

    φρήν φρενός ἡ: diaphragm; heart, mind, wits

    κρύβδην: secretly 455

    ἀναφανδά: visibly, openly

    γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district

    κατίσχω/κατέχω καθέξω/κατασχήσω κατέσχον κατέσχηκα κατέσχημαι κατεσχέθην: to hold back

    πιστός –ή –όν: faithful, trustworthy, true

    ἄγε: come! come on! well!

    ἀτρεκής –ές: real, genuine, exact

    καταλέγω καταλέξω κατέλεξα κατείλοχα κατείλεγμαι κατελέχθην: to recount, tell at length and in order; (mid.) καταλέχομαι to lie down

    ζῶ (or ζώω) ζήσω ἔζησα (or ἔζωσα) ἔζηκα: live

    Ὀρχομενός –οῦ ὁ: Orchomenus, a city in Boeotia

    Πύλος –ου ἡ: Pylos, a city in Elis

    ἠμαθόεις –εσσα –εν: sandy

    Μενέλαος –ου ὁ: Menelāus, son of Atreus and brother of Agamemnon, the successful suitor of Helen 460

    Σπάρτη –ης ἡ: Sparta

    εὐρύς –εῖα –ύ: broad

    πω: up to this time, yet

    χθών χθονός ἡ: the earth, ground

    δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining

    Ὀρέστης –ου ὁ: Orestes, son of Agamemnon

    ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet

    μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself

    ἀμείβω ἀμείψω ἤμειψα ἤμειφα ἤμειμμαι ἠμείφθην: to respond, answer; to exchange; (mid.) to take turns, alternate; to change, place, pass

    προσεῖπον (aor. 2 of προσαγορεύω and προσφωνέω); Εp. προσέειπον: to speak to one, address, accost

    Ἀτρείδης –ου ὁ: son of Atreus

    διείρομαι – – – – –: to question closely

    ζῶ (or ζώω) ζήσω ἔζησα (or ἔζωσα) ἔζηκα: live

    ἀνεμώλιος –ον: light as the wind

    βάζω βάξω ἔβαξα: to speak, say

    ἀμείβω ἀμείψω ἤμειψα ἤμειφα ἤμειμμαι ἠμείφθην: to respond, answer; to exchange; (mid.) to take turns, alternate; to change, place, pass 465

    στυγερός –ά –όν: hated, abominated, loathed; chilling

    ἄχομαι and ἄχνυμαι: to afflict, sadden, trouble, grieve

    θαλερός –ά –όν: blooming, fresh

    δάκρυον –ου τό: a tear

    χέω χέω ἔχεα or ἔχευα κέχυκα κέχυμαι ἐχύθην: to pour, shed

    Πηληϊάδης –ου ὁ: son of Peleus

    Ἀχιλλεύς –έως ὁ: Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, prince of the Myrmidons

    Πάτροκλος –ου ὁ: Patroclus, the friend of Achilles

    ἀμύμων –ον: blameless, noble, excellent

    Ἀντίλοχος –ου ὁ: Antilochus, son of Nestor

    Αἴᾱς Αἴαντος ὁ: Ajax, son of Telamon

    δέμας –ατος τό: the (physical frame, form of the) body

    Δαναοί –ῶν οἱ:: the Danaans 470

    ἀμύμων –ον: blameless, noble, excellent

    Πηλεΐων –ωνος ὁ: son of Peleus

    ποδώκης –ες: swiftfooted

    Αἰακίδης –ου ὁ: (grand)son of Aeacus

    ἄρα: now, then, next, thus

    ὀλοφύρομαι ὀλοφυροῦμαι ὠλοφυράμην – – ὠλοφύρθην: to lament, wail; pity

    πτερόεις πτερόεσσα πτερόεν: winged

    προσαυδάω προσαυδήσω προσηύδησα προσηύδηκα προσηύδημαι προσηυδήθην: to speak to, address, accost

    διογενής –ές: sprung from Zeus (epithet of Odysseus)

    Λαερτιάδης –ου ὁ: son of Laertes (Odysseus)

    πολυμήχανος –ον: full of resources, inventive, ever-ready

    Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey

    σχέτλιος –α –ον: strong, unwearying; stubborn, cruel, merciless

    τίπτε: why? (τί ποτε)

    φρήν φρενός ἡ: diaphragm; heart, mind, wits

    μήδομαι μήσομαι ἐμησάμην: to meditate, prepare, plot

    τλάω τλήσομαι ἔτλην τέτληκα –––– ––––: to tolerate, endure, resist; to dare; to have the courage (+ infin.); (part.) τετληώς 475

    Ἀΐδης –ου ὁ: Hades

    κατέρχομαι κατελεύσομαι/κάτειμι κατῆλθον κατελήλυθα ––– –––: to go down, descend; to go towards the shore

    νεκρός –οῦ ὁ: corpse

    ἀφραδής –ές: foolish; inanimate

    ναίω – – – – –: dwell, inhabit, be situated

    βροτός –οῦ ὁ: mortal

    εἴδωλον –ου τό: an image, a phantom

    κάμνω καμοῦμαι ἔκαμον κεκήμακα ––– –––: to build, make, produce; to toil, suffer; (mid.) to become exhausted, become worn out; (aor. plur. partic.) those who have been worn out, to be dead

    ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet

    μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself

    ἀμείβω ἀμείψω ἤμειψα ἤμειφα ἤμειμμαι ἠμείφθην: to respond, answer; to exchange; (mid.) to take turns, alternate; to change, place, pass

    προσεῖπον (aor. 2 of προσαγορεύω and προσφωνέω); Εp. προσέειπον: to speak to one, address, accost

    Ἀχιλλεύς –έως ὁ: Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, prince of the Myrmidons

    Πηλεύς –έως ὁ: Peleus, son of Aeacus

    φέρτατος –η –ον: bravest, best

    Ἀχαιός –ά –όν: Achaean, Greek

    Τειρεσίας –ου ὁ: Tiresias, a seer of Thebes

    χρέος –ους τό: consultation with a seer; obligation, debt

    Ἰθάκη –ης ἡ: Ithaca, the home of Odysseus, an island on the West coast of Greece 480

    παιπαλόεις –εσσα –εν: rugged

    ἱκνέομαι ἵξομαι ἱκόμην ––– ἷγμαι –––: to come, reach

    πω: up to this time, yet

    σχεδόν: near; almost

    Ἀχαιΐς –ΐδος ἡ: the Achaean land/woman

    πω: up to this time, yet

    ἁμός –ή –όν: our, my > ἐμός

    ἐπιβαίνω ἐπιβήσομαι ἐπέβην ἐπιβέβηκα ––– –––: to go on, enter, step up, mount, board (a ship) + gen.

    Ἀχιλλεύς –έως ὁ: Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, prince of the Myrmidons

    προπάροιθε: before, in front of

    μάκαρ μάκαρος: blessed, happy; blessed ones, gods

    ἄρα: now, then, next, thus

    ὀπίσω or ὀπίσσω: backwards, behind; in the future

    ζωός (Ion. ζώς) –ή –όν: alive, living

    τίω τίσω ἔτισα – τέτιμαι: value, estimate; esteem, prize, honor

    Ἀργεῖος –η –ον: Argive, of or from Argos (Greece) 485

    αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand

    νέκυς –υος τό: dead body, corpse

    ἐνθάδε: to here, to there

    τῷ: then, in that case; for this reason, thus

    ἀκαχίζω – – – – –: to make someone grieve; (mid. and pass.) to feel grief

    Ἀχιλλεύς –έως ὁ: Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, prince of the Myrmidons

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    Suggested Citation

    Thomas Van Nortwick and Rob Hardy, Homer: Odyssey 5–12. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2024. ISBN: 978-1-947822-17-7 https://dcc.dickinson.edu/homer-odyssey/xi-440-485