τὸν δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ Ἀλκίνοος ἀπαμείβετο φώνησέν τε·
"ὦ Ὀδυσεῦ, τὸ μὲν οὔ τί σ᾽ ἐίσκομεν εἰσορόωντες,
ἠπεροπῆά τ᾽ ἔμεν καὶ ἐπίκλοπον, οἷά τε πολλοὺς
βόσκει γαῖα μέλαινα πολυσπερέας ἀνθρώπους,365
ψεύδεά τ᾽ ἀρτύνοντας ὅθεν κέ τις οὐδὲ ἴδοιτο·
σοὶ δ᾽ ἔπι μὲν μορφὴ ἐπέων, ἔνι δὲ φρένες ἐσθλαί.
μῦθον δ᾽ ὡς ὅτ᾽ ἀοιδὸς ἐπισταμένως κατέλεξας,
πάντων τ᾽ Ἀργείων σέο τ᾽ αὐτοῦ κήδεα λυγρά.
ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε μοι τόδε εἰπὲ καὶ ἀτρεκέως κατάλεξον,370
εἴ τινας ἀντιθέων ἑτάρων ἴδες, οἵ τοι ἅμ᾽ αὐτῷ
Ἴλιον εἰς ἅμ᾽ ἕποντο καὶ αὐτοῦ πότμον ἐπέσπον.
νὺξ δ᾽ ἥδε μάλα μακρή, ἀθέσφατος· οὐδέ πω ὥρη
εὕδειν ἐν μεγάρῳ, σὺ δέ μοι λέγε θέσκελα ἔργα.
καί κεν ἐς ἠῶ δῖαν ἀνασχοίμην, ὅτε μοι σὺ375
τλαίης ἐν μεγάρῳ τὰ σὰ κήδεα μυθήσασθαι."
τὸν δ᾽ ἀπαμειβόμενος προσέφη πολύμητις Ὀδυσσεύς:
" Ἀλκίνοε κρεῖον, πάντων ἀριδείκετε λαῶν,
ὥρη μὲν πολέων μύθων, ὥρη δὲ καὶ ὕπνου·
εἰ δ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἀκουέμεναί γε λιλαίεαι, οὐκ ἂν ἐγώ γε380
τούτων σοι φθονέοιμι καὶ οἰκτρότερ᾽ ἄλλ᾽ ἀγορεύειν,
κήδε᾽ ἐμῶν ἑτάρων, οἳ δὴ μετόπισθεν ὄλοντο,
οἳ Τρώων μὲν ὑπεξέφυγον στονόεσσαν ἀυτήν,
ἐν νόστῳ δ᾽ ἀπόλοντο κακῆς ἰότητι γυναικός.
αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ ψυχὰς μὲν ἀπεσκέδασ᾽ ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ385
ἁγνὴ Περσεφόνεια γυναικῶν θηλυτεράων,
ἦλθε δ᾽ ἐπὶ ψυχὴ Ἀγαμέμνονος Ἀτρεΐδαο
ἀχνυμένη· περὶ δ᾽ ἄλλαι ἀγηγέραθ᾽, ὅσσοι ἅμ᾽ αὐτῷ
οἴκῳ ἐν Αἰγίσθοιο θάνον καὶ πότμον ἐπέσπον.
ἔγνω δ᾽ αἶψ᾽ ἔμ᾽ ἐκεῖνος, ἐπεὶ πίεν αἷμα κελαινόν·390
κλαῖε δ᾽ ὅ γε λιγέως, θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυον εἴβων,
πιτνὰς εἰς ἐμὲ χεῖρας, ὀρέξασθαι μενεαίνων·
ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γάρ οἱ ἔτ᾽ ἦν ἲς ἔμπεδος οὐδέ τι κῖκυς,
οἵη περ πάρος ἔσκεν ἐνὶ γναμπτοῖσι μέλεσσι.
τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ δάκρυσα ἰδὼν ἐλέησά τε θυμῷ,395
καί μιν φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδων·
‘ Ἀτρεΐδη κύδιστε, ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν Ἀγάμεμνον,
τίς νύ σε κὴρ ἐδάμασσε τανηλεγέος θανάτοιο;
ἦε σέ γ᾽ ἐν νήεσσι Ποσειδάων ἐδάμασσεν
ὄρσας ἀργαλέων ἀνέμων ἀμέγαρτον ἀυτμήν;400
ἦέ σ᾽ ἀνάρσιοι ἄνδρες ἐδηλήσαντ᾽ ἐπὶ χέρσου
βοῦς περιταμνόμενον ἠδ᾽ οἰῶν πώεα καλά,
ἠὲ περὶ πτόλιος μαχεούμενον ἠδὲ γυναικῶν;’
notes
Alcinous asks Odysseus about the Greek warriors who died at Troy. Odysseus resumes his story and tells about his meeting with Agamemnon.
Persephone scatters the ψύχαι of famous women, making way for the ghost of Agamemnon. (We will use proper names or personal pronouns for the Greek ψυχή in this section, to avoid the tedious “ghost of” formulation, though as we will see, the difference between their insubstantial existence and life in the world of mortals is an important theme in the underworld episode.) After he drinks the blood, Agamemnon tries to embrace Odysseus:
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κλαῖε δ᾽ ὅ γε λιγέως, θαλερὸν κατὰ δάκρυον εἴβων,
πιτνὰς εἰς ἐμὲ χεῖρας, ὀρέξασθαι μενεαίνων:
ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γάρ οἱ ἔτ᾽ ἦν ἲς ἔμπεδος οὐδέ τι κῖκυς,
οἵη περ πάρος ἔσκεν ἐνὶ γναμπτοῖσι μέλεσσι.
He fell into shrill weeping, pouring down tears,
and stretched out his hands, longing to embrace me,
but there was no strength in them, nor any juice left
like there was before in his flexible limbs.
Odyssey 11.391–94
The great commander has been reduced to feeble inconsequence, another of the twittering horde of dead souls. Odysseus now arrives at the crucial set of encounters at the heart of his katabasis, as he confronts what remains of his former comrades at Troy. We have seen that this trip to the underworld departs in some ways from the tragic model for such an adventure. As Odysseus learns the fates of Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ajax, we see his character measured against those of his fellow warriors, an occasion to reflect on the unusual nature of his heroism.
Agamemnon is surrounded by the ghosts of his henchmen, all of whom died with him. Overcome by sadness, Odysseus asks his friend how he died. Was it on the sea, braving a storm, or during a raid on another’s property, cattle, sheep, or women? No, he was slaughtered at the dinner table, undone by the treachery of a woman and her illicit lover—an ignominious end for a hero, especially in a poem that celebrates the virtues of proper hospitality. The poet forges a link to the catalogue of heroines, and beyond that, the adventures in Books 9 and 10: In the moment of their death, Agamemnon’s men become “pigs with white tusks” (413) like the captives in Circe’s house; the banquet drenched in blood recalls the gruesome meals of Polyphemus. Given the prominence of stories about dangerous wives in particular, the import for Odysseus is clear enough: Beware the wife you’ve left alone at home. She may betray you.
Agamemnon’s description of his last moments offers fleeting echoes of the Iliad, with bodies strewn all over the ground and warriors facing imminent death. We hear the last pitiful cry of Cassandra, whose laments herald the return of Priam with Hector’s corpse in the earlier poem:
κώκυσέν τ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔπειτα γέγωνέ τε πᾶν κατὰ ἄστυ:
ὄψεσθε Τρῶες καὶ Τρῳάδες Ἕκτορ᾽ ἰόντες,
εἴ ποτε καὶ ζώοντι μάχης ἐκνοστήσαντι
χαίρετ᾽, ἐπεὶ μέγα χάρμα πόλει τ᾽ ἦν παντί τε δήμῳ.
She shrieked in sorrow then and cried out to the whole city:
“Come and see Hector, you Trojan men and women,
if ever you rejoiced at his return alive from battle,
since he was a great delight to the city and all the people.”
Iliad 24.702–5
In the Iliad, Cassandra’s voice summons the Trojans to the city walls, to honor communally the last journey of their great defender. Here her last cries echo through the halls of Agamemnon’s palace as she falls on his body, a grim, private moment, marking the king’s helplessness before his treacherous wife. From this pitiful tableau, Clytemnestra turns coldly away, denying her husband what heroes crave most, to be seen by others. In our last image of him alive, Agamemnon pounds the ground in frustration (perhaps a plea to the gods of the Underworld for vengeance: cf. Il. 9.568). After he dies, Clytemnestra withholds one last service to the dead, leaving the corpse with a gaping mouth and open, staring eyes.
The Iliadic tone of Agamemnon’s last moments increases the pathetic nature of his final moments. In a battle narrative, this might be a poignant conclusion to a heroic life. The Odyssey’s perspective marks his death not as noble but as a sign of failure, to control the potentially insidious power of a woman. Odysseus’s response to Agamemnon brings the king’s bitter memories into line with the overarching themes of the poem:
‘ὢ πόποι, ἦ μάλα δὴ γόνον Ἀτρέος εὐρύοπα Ζεὺς
ἐκπάγλως ἤχθηρε γυναικείας διὰ βουλὰς
ἐξ ἀρχῆς: Ἑλένης μὲν ἀπωλόμεθ᾽ εἵνεκα πολλοί,
σοὶ δὲ Κλυταιμνήστρη δόλον ἤρτυε τηλόθ᾽ ἐόντι.’
“Oh for shame, that from the beginning Zeus of the wide gaze
has been terribly hateful to the family of Atreus through women’s schemes;
many of us have been destroyed because of Helen,
and Clytemnestra wove treachery for you when you were far away.”
Odyssey 11.436–39
We return to the origin of all the pain and death at Troy and afterward, the treachery of Helen. Zeus must hate the family of Atreus, whose generations he chooses to punish through womanly scheming. The two sisters, Helen and Clytemnestra, fall into place beside Calypso, Nausicaa, Circe, Scylla, Charybdis, the Sirens. The implications of these parallels are clear enough. The return of right order in Ithaka (itself a microcosm of the larger patriarchal order of the universe) depends on Odysseus regaining his status as king, husband, father, and son. To do so, he must survive all the challenges thrown in his way, many of which feature feminine trickery in one form or another. We have said that the katabasis brings a hero face to face with fundamental truths about himself and the larger universe. Odysseus has arrived.
Further Reading
Dimock, G. 1989. The Unity of the Odyssey, 156–161. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Morrison, J. 2003. A Companion to Homer’s Odyssey, 107–109. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Reinhardt, K. 1942. “The Adventures in the Odyssey.” In Schein, S. 1996. Reading the Odyssey. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 118–121.
Van Nortwick, T. 2008. Imagining Men: Ideals of Masculinity in Ancient Greek Culture, 32. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
363 τὸ μὲν οὔ τί σ᾽ ἐΐσκομεν … ἔμεν: “we don’t suppose this at all, that you are….” indirect discourse with accusative and infinitive.
365 οἷά τε: “even as,” “after the manner in which.”
366 ὅθεν: “from a source which.”
366 κε … ἴδοιτο: potential optative.
367 σοὶ δ᾽ ἔπι: “(there is) upon you,” “you have.” Anastrophe.
367 μορφὴ: “grace.”
367 ἔνι δὲ: “and in you (there is).”
368 ὡς ὅτ᾽ ἀοιδὸς: “as when a bard (speaks).”
369 κήδεα: in apposition to μῦθον.
371 εἰ … ἴδες: “whether you saw….” indirect question.
371 ἴδες: 2nd sing. aor. > ὁράω.
371 τοι ἅμ᾽ αὐτῷ: “along with you.”
372 αὐτοῦ: “there.”
372 ἐπέσπον: 3rd pl. aor. > ἐφέπω.
373 οὐδέ … εὕδειν: answering lines 11.330–31.
375 κεν … ἀνασχοίμην: “I could hold out.” Potential optative > ἀνέχω.
375 ὅτε … τλαίης: “as long as you take it upon yourself to….” General temporal clause with optative (Smyth 2403).
379 ὥρη: “there is time for,” with genitive (LSJ ὥρα B2).
379 πολέων: = πολλῶν
380 εἰ … λιλαίεαι, οὐκ ἂν … φθονέοιμι: “if you long to …, I would not hesitate to….” Mixed conditional (εἰ + pres., ἂν + opt.).
380 ἀκουέμεναί: pres. act. infin. > ἀκούω, complementary infinitive with λιλαίεαι.
381 τούτων: genitive of comparison with οἰκτρότερ(α).
381 ἄλλ᾽: “other things.”
381 ἀγορεύειν: complementary infinitive with φθονέοιμι.
382 μετόπισθεν: “later.”
384 ἰότητι: dative of cause, or instrumental dative (Monro 144).
385 ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ: “here and there.”
386 γυναικῶν θηλυτεράων: "the very feminine women,” modifying ψυχὰς in 385 (on the use of the comparative as an intensifier, see Smyth 1067).
387 ἦλθε δ᾽ ἐπὶ: “came up,” “approached.”
388 περὶ: “around,” adverbial.
388 ἄλλαι: i.e, ἄλλαι ψυχαί.
388 ἀγηγέραθ᾽: 3rd pl. plupf. mid./pass. > ἀγείρω.
389 οἴκῳ ἐν: ἐν οἴκῳ.
389 θάνον: = ἔθανον, unaugmented 3rd pl. aor.
390 πίεν: = ἔπιεν, unaugmented 3rd sing. aor. > πίνω.
391 κλαῖε: = ἔκλαιε, unaugmented 3rd sing. impf.
391 λιγέως: “aloud.”
391 κατὰ: “down,” adverbial, or tmesis > κατείβω, “to let flow down.”
392 πιτνὰς: aor. ptc. nom. sing. > πίτνημι.
392 ὀρέξεσθαι: understand με as the object.
393 οὐ … ἔτ᾽: οὐκέτι, “no longer.”
393 ἔμπεδος: “unimpaired.”
394 οἵη περ: “such as.”
394 ἔσκεν: “used to be,” iterative impf. > εἰμί.
394 ἐνὶ: ἐν.
395 τὸν: “him,” direct object of ἰδὼν.
395 δάκρυσα: = ἐδάκρυσα, unaugmented 1st sing. aor.
395 θυμῷ: “in my heart,” dative of place where (locative dative).
399 ἠέ … ἦέ … ἠὲ …: “did you … or ….” Introducing direct alternative questions (Smyth 2661).
399 νήεσσι: dat. pl. > νῆυς (ναῦς).
402 περιταμνόμενον: “while raiding….” Agreeing with σε in 401. pres. ptc. mid. > περιτέμνω, “to cut off (and round up).”
403 πτόλιος: gen. sing. > πόλις.
vocabulary
αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand
Ἀλκίνοος –ου ὁ: Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians in Scheria, a grandson of Poseidon
ἀπαμείβομαι ἀπαμείψομαι ἀπημειψάμην ἀπημείφθην: to reply, answer
φωνέω φωνήσω ἐφώνησα πεφώνηκα πεφώνημαι ἐφωνήθην: to make a sound, speak
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
ἐΐσκω – – – – –: to make like; to reckon similar, liken, compare
εἰσοράω εἰσόψομαι εἰσεῖδον εἰσεόρακα/εἰσεώρακα/εἰσόπωπα εἰσεόραμαι/εἰσεώραμαι/εἰσῶμμαι εἰσώφθην: to look into, look upon, view, behold
ἠπεροπεύς –έως or ἠπεροπευτής –οῦ ὁ: a cheat, deceiver
ἐπίκλοπος –ον: thievish, wily
βόσκω βοσκήσω ἐβόσκησα βεβόσκηκα βεβόσκημαι ἐβοσκήθην: (act.) to feed; (mid.) to feed oneself; (trans.) to feed someone 365
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
μέλας μέλαινα μέλαν: black, dark, obscure
πολυσπερής –ές: wide-spread
ψεῦδος –ους τό: falsehood, lie
ἀρτύνω ἀρτυνῶ ἤρτυνα – – ἀρτύνθην: to arrange, prepare, devise
μορφή –ῆς ἡ: form, shape, beauty
φρήν φρενός ἡ: diaphragm; heart, mind, wits
ἐσθλός –ή –όν: good
μῦθος –ου ὁ: spoken thing, speech, plan, story
ἀοιδός –οῦ ὁ: a singer, minstrel, bard
ἐπισταμένως: skillfully
καταλέγω καταλέξω κατέλεξα κατείλοχα κατείλεγμαι κατελέχθην: to recount, tell at length and in order; (mid.) καταλέχομαι to lie down
Ἀργεῖος –η –ον: Argive, of or from Argos (Greece)
κῆδος –ους τό: care, thought (for others); anxiety, worry, pain, grief
λυγρός –ά –όν: sad, mournful, miserable
ἄγε: come! come on! well! 370
ἀτρεκής –ές: real, genuine, exact
καταλέγω καταλέξω κατέλεξα κατείλοχα κατείλεγμαι κατελέχθην: to recount, tell at length and in order; (mid.) καταλέχομαι to lie down
ἀντίθεος –η –ον: godlike
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
Ἴλιος –ου ἡ: Troy, Ilion
αὐτοῦ: at the very place, here, there
πότμος –ου ὁ: that which befalls one, one's lot, destiny; death
ἐφέπω ἐφέψω ἔπεσπον ––– ––– –––: to follow, pursue; to frequent, go often to, range over
ἀθέσφατος –ον: beyond even a god's power to express; ineffable, aweful; too much
πω: up to this time, yet
ὥρα –ας ἡ: time, season, climate
εὕδω εὑδήσω εὕδησα: sleep, lie down to sleep
μέγαρον –ου τό: a large room, hall, feast-hall
θέσκελος –ον: marvelous, wondrous
ἠώς ἠοῦς ἡ: dawn; Dawn 375
δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining
ἀνέχω ἀνέξω (or ἀνσχήσω) ἀνέσχον ἀνέσχηκα ––– –––: raise up
τλάω τλήσομαι ἔτλην τέτληκα –––– ––––: to tolerate, endure, resist; to dare; to have the courage (+ infin.); (part.) τετληώς
μέγαρον –ου τό: a large room, hall, feast-hall
κῆδος –ους τό: care, thought (for others); anxiety, worry, pain, grief
μυθέομαι μυθήσομαι μεμύθημαι ἐμυθήθην: speak or talk of, describe, explain, relate
ἀπαμείβομαι ἀπαμείψομαι ἀπημειψάμην ἀπημείφθην: to reply, answer
πρόσφημι πρόσφησω προσέφησα: to speak to, address
πολύμητις –ιος: very wise, very cunning
Ἀλκίνοος –ου ὁ: Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians in Scheria, a grandson of Poseidon
κρείων fem. -ουσα: commanding, kingly; (as subst.) ruler
ἀριδείκετος –ον: conspicuous, renowned; notable, illustrious, famous
ὥρα –ας ἡ: time, season, climate
μῦθος –ου ὁ: spoken thing, speech, plan, story
ὥρα –ας ἡ: time, season, climate
ὕπνος –ου ὁ: sleep
λιλαίομαι – – – – –: to desire, to miss; to long for (+ gen. or infin.) 380
φθονέω φθονήσω ἐφθόνησα ––– ἐφθόνημαι ἐφθονήθην: to begrudge; to be reluctant (+ infin.)
οἰκτρός –ά –όν: pitiable, in piteous plight
ἀγορεύω ἀγορεύσω ἠγόρευσα ἠγόρευκα ἠγόρευμαι ἠγορεύθην: to speak, say
κῆδος –ους τό: care, thought (for others); anxiety, worry, pain, grief
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
μετόπισθε: behind, in back of; afterwards; toward the west
ὄλλυμι ὀλῶ ὤλεσα (or ὠλόμην) ὀλώλεκα (or ὄλωλα) ––– –––: to demolish, kill; to lose, suffer the loss of (+ acc.); (mid.) to die, perish, be killed
Τρώς Τρωός ὁ: Trojan
ὑπεκφεύγω ὑπεκφεύξομαι ὑπεκέφυγον ὑπεκπέφευγα ––– –––: to escape
στονόεις –εσσα –εν: doleful, mournful, baleful
ἀϋτή –ῆς ἡ: to cry
νόστος –ου ὁ: return (home)
ἰότης –ητος ἡ: will, desire
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet 385
ἀποσκεδάννυμι ἀποσκεδῶ ἀπεσκέδασα ––– ἀπεσκέδασμαι ἀπεσκεδάσθην: to scatter abroad, disperse
ἄλλυδις: elsewhere, here and there, in another direction
ἄλλῃ: in another place, elsewhere
ἁγνός –ή –όν: holy
Περσεφόνη –ης ἡ: Persephone, Proserpine
θῆλυς θήλεια θῆλυ: female, feminine, soft
Ἀγαμέμνων –ονος ὁ: Agamemnon
Ἀτρείδης –ου ὁ: son of Atreus
ἄχομαι and ἄχνυμαι: to afflict, sadden, trouble, grieve
ἀγείρω ἀγερῶ ἤγειρα ἀγήγερμαι ἠγέρθην: gather, collect
Αἴγισθος –ου ὁ: Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, and cousin of Agamemnon
πότμος –ου ὁ: that which befalls one, one's lot, destiny; death
ἐφέπω ἐφέψω ἔπεσπον ––– ––– –––: to follow, pursue; to frequent, go often to, range over
αἶψα: rapidly, speedily, suddenly 390
κελαινός –ή –όν: black, dark, murky
κλαίω/κλάω κλαύσομαι/κλαήσω ἔκλαυσα ––– κέκλαυμαι/κέκλαυσμαι ἐκλαύσθην: weep, cry
λιγύς –εῖα –ύ: sharp-sounding, shrill, loud, clear
θαλερός –ά –όν: blooming, fresh
δάκρυον –ου τό: a tear
εἴβω ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: to drop, let fall in drops
πίτνημι/πεταννύω/πετάννυμι πετῶ ἐπέτασα πεπέτακα πέπταμαι ἐπετάσθην: to spread out
ὀρέγω ὀρέξω ὤρεξα – ὀρώρεγμαι/ὤρεγμαι ὠρέχθην: to reach, stretch, stretch out
μενεαίνω – – – – –: to desire earnestly
ἕ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
ἴς ἰνός ἡ: strength, force; sinew, tendon
ἔμπεδος –ον: firm-set, steadfast, constant, unchanged; (in neuter as adverb) firmly, steadily
κῖκυς –υος ἡ: strength, vigor
πάρος: before, formerly
γναμπτός –ή –όν: curved, bent
μέλος –ους τό: a limb
δακρύω δακρύσω ἐδάκρυσα δεδάκρυκα δεδάκρυμαι –––: cry 395
ἐλεέω ἐλεήσω ἠλέησα – ἠλέημαι ἠλεήθην: have pity on, show mercy to
μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
φωνέω φωνήσω ἐφώνησα πεφώνηκα πεφώνημαι ἐφωνήθην: to make a sound, speak
πτερόεις πτερόεσσα πτερόεν: winged
προσαυδάω προσαυδήσω προσηύδησα προσηύδηκα προσηύδημαι προσηυδήθην: to speak to, address, accost
Ἀτρείδης –ου ὁ: son of Atreus
κύδιστος –η –ον: most glorious, most honored, noblest
ἄναξ –ακτος ὁ: ruler, lord
Ἀγαμέμνων –ονος ὁ: Agamemnon
κήρ κηρός ἡ: doom, death, fate
δαμάζω δαμάσω ἐδάμασα δεδάμακα δεδάμασμαι/δέδμημα ἐδαμάσθην/ἐδμήθην: to overpower, tame, conquer, subdue
τανηλεγής –ές: long-lamented
Ποσειδῶν (or Ποσειδάων) –ῶνος ὁ: Poseidon
δαμάζω δαμάσω ἐδάμασα δεδάμακα δεδάμασμαι/δέδμημα ἐδαμάσθην/ἐδμήθην: to overpower, tame, conquer, subdue
ὄρνυμι ὄρσω ὦρσα ὄρωρα ὀρώρεμαι –––: to stir up, move; (mid.) to rise, get up 400
ἀργαλέος –α –ον: hard to endure or deal with, difficult
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
ἀμέγαρτος –ον: unenviable
ἀϋτμή –ῆς ἡ: breath, puff, air, gust
ἀνάρσιος –ον: unfriendly, hostile
δηλέομαι δηλήσομαι ἐδηλησάμην δεδήλημαι: to hurt, harm
χέρσος –ου ἡ: dry land, land
περιτέμνω περιτεμῶ περιέτεμον περιτέτμηκα περιτέτμημαι περιετμήθην: to surround and cut off cattle in order to make booty of them
ἠδέ: and
ὄϊς ὄϊος ὁ/ἡ: sheep
πῶυ –ους τό: a flock
ἠδέ: and