ὣς οἳ μὲν κατὰ ἄστυ πεφυζότες ἠΰτε νεβροὶ
ἱδρῶ ἀπεψύχοντο πίον τ᾽ ἀκέοντό τε δίψαν
κεκλιμένοι καλῇσιν ἐπάλξεσιν: αὐτὰρ Ἀχαιοὶ
τείχεος ἆσσον ἴσαν σάκε᾽ ὤμοισι κλίναντες.
Ἕκτορα δ᾽ αὐτοῦ μεῖναι ὀλοιὴ μοῖρα πέδησεν5
Ἰλίου προπάροιθε πυλάων τε Σκαιάων.
αὐτὰρ Πηλείωνα προσηύδα Φοῖβος Ἀπόλλων:
τίπτέ με Πηλέος υἱὲ ποσὶν ταχέεσσι διώκεις
αὐτὸς θνητὸς ἐὼν θεὸν ἄμβροτον; οὐδέ νύ πώ με
ἔγνως ὡς θεός εἰμι, σὺ δ᾽ ἀσπερχὲς μενεαίνεις.10
ἦ νύ τοι οὔ τι μέλει Τρώων πόνος, οὓς ἐφόβησας,
οἳ δή τοι εἰς ἄστυ ἄλεν, σὺ δὲ δεῦρο λιάσθης.
οὐ μέν με κτενέεις, ἐπεὶ οὔ τοι μόρσιμός εἰμι.
τὸν δὲ μέγ᾽ ὀχθήσας προσέφη πόδας ὠκὺς Ἀχιλλεύς:
ἔβλαψάς μ᾽ ἑκάεργε θεῶν ὀλοώτατε πάντων15
ἐνθάδε νῦν τρέψας ἀπὸ τείχεος: ἦ κ᾽ ἔτι πολλοὶ
γαῖαν ὀδὰξ εἷλον πρὶν Ἴλιον εἰσαφικέσθαι.
νῦν δ᾽ ἐμὲ μὲν μέγα κῦδος ἀφείλεο, τοὺς δὲ σάωσας
ῥηϊδίως, ἐπεὶ οὔ τι τίσιν γ᾽ ἔδεισας ὀπίσσω.
ἦ σ᾽ ἂν τισαίμην, εἴ μοι δύναμίς γε παρείη.20
ὣς εἰπὼν προτὶ ἄστυ μέγα φρονέων ἐβεβήκει,
σευάμενος ὥς θ᾽ ἵππος ἀεθλοφόρος σὺν ὄχεσφιν,
ὅς ῥά τε ῥεῖα θέῃσι τιταινόμενος πεδίοιο:
ὣς Ἀχιλεὺς λαιψηρὰ πόδας καὶ γούνατ᾽ ἐνώμα.
25
τὸν δ᾽ ὃ γέρων Πρίαμος πρῶτος ἴδεν ὀφθαλμοῖσι
παμφαίνονθ᾽ ὥς τ᾽ ἀστέρ᾽ ἐπεσσύμενον πεδίοιο,
ὅς ῥά τ᾽ ὀπώρης εἶσιν, ἀρίζηλοι δέ οἱ αὐγαὶ
φαίνονται πολλοῖσι μετ᾽ ἀστράσι νυκτὸς ἀμολγῷ,
ὅν τε κύν᾽ Ὠρίωνος ἐπίκλησιν καλέουσι.
λαμπρότατος μὲν ὅ γ᾽ ἐστί, κακὸν δέ τε σῆμα τέτυκται,30
καί τε φέρει πολλὸν πυρετὸν δειλοῖσι βροτοῖσιν:
ὣς τοῦ χαλκὸς ἔλαμπε περὶ στήθεσσι θέοντος.
ᾤμωξεν δ᾽ ὃ γέρων, κεφαλὴν δ᾽ ὅ γε κόψατο χερσὶν
ὑψόσ᾽ ἀνασχόμενος, μέγα δ᾽ οἰμώξας ἐγεγώνει
λισσόμενος φίλον υἱόν: ὃ δὲ προπάροιθε πυλάων35
ἑστήκει ἄμοτον μεμαὼς Ἀχιλῆϊ μάχεσθαι:
τὸν δ᾽ ὃ γέρων ἐλεεινὰ προσηύδα χεῖρας ὀρεγνύς:
notes
Once inside the city walls the Trojans, sweating and winded, slake their thirst. As the Achaeans draw near, Hector remains outside the walls. Apollo reveals himself to Achilles. Achilles turns away and races across the plain toward Troy, where he is observed by king Priam.
In Book 22 Homer builds toward an intense climactic scene, the death of Hector. From the opening tableau, with Hector waiting alone before the city walls as Achilles races across the plain toward him, through the brilliant portrayal of the duel itself, to Hector’s poignant death and its grim aftermath, we witness destruction rolling ever closer to a warrior and a civilization we have come to admire.
read full essay
Everything we learned about Hector in Books 3 and 6 is now brought to bear on the final moments of his noble but doomed life. At the same time, his story and Achilles’ merge, enriching our understanding of both figures. Their relationship continues even after Hector’s death, as Achilles’ treatment of his enemy’s corpse becomes the focal point for the poem’s somber resolution in Book 24.
Since leaving Troy at the end of Book 6, Hector has appeared principally in his persona as fierce warrior and leader of the Trojans. His inner doubts and suffering, which we glimpsed in the scenes with Andromache, have not surfaced again until now. Meanwhile, the main plot of the poem, fueled by Achilles’ wrath, withdrawal, and return, has moved forward through three days of intense fighting. At the end of Book 16 Sarpedon falls to Patroclus and Patroclus to Hector, the latter death finally bringing Achilles back to the battlefield. From Books 19–21, Homer teases us by holding out the prospect of the final showdown between Achilles and Hector, almost bringing them together in Book 20, then having Apollo lure Achilles away to the edge of the battlefield by the end of Book 21, allowing the Trojan warriors to retreat inside the city walls—all but Hector, who makes his last desperate stand as Book 22 opens.
Once inside the city walls the Trojans, sweating and winded, slake their thirst. They are, Homer tells us, like “fawns” (22.1). Meanwhile, the Achaeans draw near, their shields against their shoulders. Repetition of the verb κλίνω, “to lean,” points up the contrast between the two armies: the exhausted Trojans prop their shields against the battlements; the Greeks lean into their shields as they move against the city. We see here Homer’s narrative strategy for the entire book in miniature. He begins with the two armies, one aggressively chasing the other, then narrows the focus down to Hector and Achilles, one charging relentlessly across the plain, the other waiting outside the city gates, bound by his sense of duty.
Homer leaves us with the view of Hector, vulnerable and alone, and abruptly changes the scene to the edge of the battlefield, where Apollo reveals himself to Achilles. In the last scene of Book 21, the god drew Achilles away from the city, disguising himself as the Trojan warrior Agenor. Now the god issues a taunt: Why is Achilles, a mortal, chasing a god? Does he not care about the Trojans, tucked away in their city while he is left out on the margins of battle? Achilles cannot kill him. He is not fated, μόρσιμος, to die (22.7–13). Achilles’ reply is angry and indignant: Apollo has hindered him by luring him away from the city, denying him the chance to kill more Trojans and so robbing him of κῦδος, “glory,” the primary measurement of worth in a heroic society. Worse yet, the god will escape punishment from Achilles, who would “pay him back,” τισαίμην(22.20), if he had the power.
Mortals do not usually talk this way to gods, whose unlimited power and unpredictable nature make any encounter with them dangerous. Talking back to a god could well be fatal. We are some distance from Achilles’ considered response in Book 1 (202–18) when Athena intervenes and asks Achilles politely, on behalf of Hera and herself, not to kill Agamemnon:
I should respect your request, even though
I am very angry in my heart, for it would be better thus;
The gods listen to him who obeys them.
Iliad 1.217-19
Such detachment is no longer possible, scorched away by Achilles’ fury at the killing of Patroclus.
In this brief exchange between Apollo and Achilles, Homer sets up what is to come in a few strokes. By the end of Book 20, Achilles has become a kind of death demon, crushing bodies under the wheels of his chariot, which is splattered with gore up to its railings, his hands dripping bloody filth (20.490–503). We then learn from his encounter with the hapless Lycaon in Book 21 (99–113) that Patroclus’s death has sealed the fate of any Trojan who crosses his path. He will show no one mercy; all must die. Now his brazen words to Apollo show him moving further beyond the pale of human experience, reckless, arrogant, and apparently beyond caring if he lives or dies. This is the man Hector must soon fight.
Though he has been a volatile figure throughout the poem, Achilles’ portrait darkens after he resolves to avenge himself on the Trojans, and especially Hector, for Patroclus’s death. His wrath, which had been smoldering quietly in his hut by the sea, flares up into a violent rage. Homer marks this change when Athena presents Achilles with armor made by Hephaestus to replace the set that Hector stripped from Patroclus’s corpse (19.12–18). The divine gifts exude an aura that frightens the other Myrmidons, who cannot bear to look at them. But Achilles is not afraid. When he looks at the armor, his eyes shine “like sunflare” (19.16), as if reflecting the menacing power of the gifts. Achilles is semi-divine, and the godlike part of him is stirred by the armor, an elemental force that will sweep all before it until it crashes down on Hector.
Achilles turns away and races across the plain toward Troy. Like Paris and Hector, he reminds Homer of a stallion. But the dominant feeling of those similes was of the horse’s beauty and physical stature. Not so here. It is all about speed:
Speaking thus, he headed for the city, with big thoughts
in his mind; flying like a racehorse with his chariot
who runs easily, plunging across the plain.
So did Achilles ply his legs and quick feet.
Iliad 22.21-24
It suited Homer’s purposes to draw our sympathy toward Achilles in Book 18 after the death of Patroclus, showing him vulnerable to the grief and self-reproach that motivate his bloody rampage. But that man is gone now, replaced by something uncanny, straddling the boundary between human and divine, reaching down toward the savagery of wild animals and up toward the divine fire his mother gave him. At this moment, Homer switches his gaze and ours back to the city, to Priam standing on the walls above his son. Now we see Achilles through his eyes, a terrifying specter, the sun flashing off his armor as he moves ever closer to Hector. Like the “dog of Orion” (29), the brightest star that shines in the murk of night and brings a season of fiery heat, Achilles comes on, an “evil sign” (30). In Priam’s view, his son’s enemy is now beyond the destructive force of wild animals or evil men, something cosmic.
Further Reading
Edwards, M. 1987. Homer: Poet of the Iliad, 290–291. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
De Jong, I. J. F. 2012. Homer: Iliad Book XXII, 7–11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Owen, E. T. 1946. The Story of the Iliad, 215–218. Toronto: Clark and Irwin.
Richardson, N. J. 1993. The Iliad: A Commentary, Vol. VI, 105–106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schein, S. 1984. The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer’s Iliad, 140. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Van Nortwick, T. 1992. Somewhere I Have Never Travelled: The Second Self and the Hero’s Journey in Ancient Epic, 67. New York: Oxford University Press.
Whitman, C. 1958. Homer and The Heroic Tradition, 138–139. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1: ὣς οἳ μὲν: “thus they ...,” ὅ, ἥ, τό is rarely a “pure article,” and instead generally has a demonstrative function in Homer (Monro 256). κατὰ: “throughout,” “in,” extensive in sense (Monro 212.1). πεφυζότες: pf. act. ptc. > φεύγω, Att. πεφευγότες.
2: ἱδρῶ ἀπεψύχοντο: “they let their sweat cool down,” i.e. “dried off their sweat” (de Jong). ἱδρῶ: = acc. sg. > ἱδρώς, Att. ἱδρῶτα. πίον: unaugmented 3rd pl. aor. > πίνω (Monro 69).
3: κεκλιμένοι: pf. mid. ptc. > κλίνω. καλῇσιν ἐπάλξεσιν: dat. of place where. An ἔπαλξις is defensive structure, a shelter, bastion, bulwark, or trench.
4: ἆσσον: "nearer," governs a gen. object (τείχεος). ἴσαν: 3rd pl. impf. > εἶμι, Att. ᾖσαν. σάκε᾽ ὤμοισι κλίναντες: in the attitude of readiness to receive an attack (Monro). σάκε᾽: = σάκεα, uncontracted neut. pl. acc. ὤμοισι: dat. of place where. κλίναντες: aor. act. ptc. > κλίνω.
5: αὐτοῦ: “there,” “in this very place,” adverb > αὐτός (Goodell 228.a). μεῖναι: “for remaining,” so that he remained (Monro), aor. inf. > μένω. ὀλοιὴ: = ὀλοὴ.
6: Ἰλίου προπάροιθε: the preposition comes after the word it governs.
7: προσηύδα: “began to address,” here specifying the beginning of an ongoing action (the so-called inchoative imperfect) (Monro 70).
8: υἱὲ: vocative, direct address. ποσὶν: dat. pl. of means > πούς (Goodell 526.a).
9: αὐτὸς: “(you) yourself,” intensive, 2nd sg. ἐὼν: concessive participle, “though…,” = Att. ὤν.
10: ἔγνως: 2nd sg. root aor. > γιγνώσκω. ὡς: “that….” σὺ δ᾽ ἀσπερχὲς μενεαίνεις: parenthetical—“in the hot fury of your pursuit.” σύ is repeated to mark the opposition to the preceding clause: “you have not recognized me—(on the contrary) you pursue with unslackened ardor.” (Monro)
11: νύ: = νῦν. τοι: “for you,” σοι with μέλει. οὔ τι: “not at all,” τι is an adverbial acc. (Goodell 540). πόνος: of the “distress” of battle, as elsewhere (Monro). οὓς: relative pronoun whose antecedent is Τρώων.
12: δή τοι: “you know,” “in fact.” ἄλεν: 3rd pl. aor. pass. > εἴλω, Att. ἄλησαν (Monro 42), “were shut in.” λιάσθης: 2nd sg. aor. dep. pass. > λιάζομαι.
13: οὐ μέν: “not,” emphatic denial. κτενέεις: uncontracted fut. > κτείνω. τοι: “to you,” = σοι, dat. sg. pers. pron. (Monro 98). οὔ τοι μόρσιμός εἰμι: “I am not fated for you,” i.e. fate does not give me to you to kill (Monro).
14: ὀχθήσας: “becoming greatly vexed,” ingressive aor. ptc. (Goodell 464). πόδας: “in foot,” acc. of respect is common after an adj., here ὠκὺς (Goodell 537).
15: ἔβλαψας: “you foiled me” (Monro). ὀλοώτατε: vocative superlative adj.
16: τρέψας: nom. sg. aor. ptc. > τρέπω.
16–17: κ᾽… γαῖαν ὀδὰξ εἷλον: “would have taken the ground with their teeth,” i.e. “would have bitten the dust,” past contrary-to-fact construction (aor. indicative + κε/ἄν), with implied protasis (if Apollo hadn’t turned Achilles away from the wall), 3rd pl. aor. > αἱρέω (de Jong; see Goodell 467.c).
17: πρὶν: “before they came,” governs an inf., translated as a finite verb (Goodell 568). Ἴλιον: acc. place to which without preposition (Goodell 533).
18: νῦν δ᾽: “but as it is,” “but now," commonly follows past potential and contrary-to-fact conditions to return the reader to what is, in fact, true. ἀφείλεο: “take (x) away from (y)” + double acc., = ἀφείλε(σ)ο, 2nd sg. aor. mid. > ἀφ-αιρέω. τοὺς δὲ: “and these (Trojans),” demonstrative (Monro 256). σάωσας: unaugmented 2nd sg. aor. (not a ptc.) (Monro 69).
19: ῥηϊδίως: “with a light heart” (Monro). οὔ τι: “not at all,” τι is adverbial acc. (Goodell 540).
20: ἂν τισαίμην … εἴ παρείη: “I would take vengeance on you, if power should be at my command,” future-less-vivid condition (εἰ + opt., ἄν + opt.) referring to something that is not possible yet is imaginable for a moment (de Jong; see Monro 311). σ’ τισαίμην: “take vengeance on” + acc. pers., = τεισαίμην. The manuscripts print τισαίμην instead of the correct τεισαίμην (aor. mid. opt. > τίνω) due to iotacism. μοι … παρείη: dat. of possession (Goodell 524.a).
21: ὣς εἰπὼν: “speaking thus,” a formulaic way to round off a speech and lead into action. προτὶ: = πρός. μέγα φρονέων: “high-spirited,” the expression refers to a mixture of fighting spirit and confidence. One may hesitate whether to take as adverb (“with a high pitch of resolve”) or as object (“with high thoughts in mind”) (de Jong). ἐβεβήκει: 3rd sg. plpf. > βαίνω, probably not anterior to the main action but rather preterite, “went.”
22: ὥς θ᾽: “just as…,” θ᾽= τε, elided before a rough breathing, an example of “epic” τε used in similes and generalizing statements (Monro 332.b). ὄχεσφιν: equivalent to a dat. singular. The suffix -φι often is instrumental or locative in force, but may, as here, substitute as a general dative.
23: ὅς: “who," relative. ῥά: = ἄρα. τε: see line 22. θέῃσι: “runs,” 3rd sg. pres. subj. > θέω, thematic subjunctive with athematic ending. τιταινόμενος: “at full stride” (Monro). πεδίοιο: “on the plain,” Homeric 2nd decl. gen. sg., gen. of place within which (Goodell 515).
24: ὣς Ἀχιλεὺς: “so Achilles…,” closes the simile. λαιψηρὰ: with πόδας and γούνατα, the second noun fixing the gender (Monro).
25: τὸν δ᾽: “this one,” i.e. Achilles (see line 18). ἴδεν: aor. unaugmented > εἶδον, which supplies the aorist of ὁράω (Goodell 391). ὀφθαλμοῖσι: dat. of means, Homeric dat. pl. (Goodell 526.a).
26: παμφαίνοντα: acc. sg. ptc., to be taken closely with ἐπεσσύμενον, “glittering as he rushed on.” ὥς τ’: “just as…,” simile with epic τε (see line 22) (Monro 332.b). ἐπεσσύμενον: "rushing, hurrying over" + gen., pf. pass. ptc. > ἐπισεύω.
27: ὀπώρης: “during the (late) summer,” “during harvest season,” gen. of time within which (Goodell 515). εἶσιν: 3rd sg. > εἶμι (Goodell 385). δέ οἱ: “and its.” οἱ is the dative pronoun, indicating possession.
28: ἀμολγῷ: dat. of time when (Goodell 527.c).
29: ὅν: “which…,” i.e. the star, ἀστέρα. τε: epic τε in generalizing statement (Monro 332.b). κύν’: = κύν(α), acc. predicate, i.e. Sirius, known as the “Dog star.” καλέουσι: “call (x) (y)” + double acc. (Goodell 534).
30: λαμπρότατος: superlative adj. ὅ: “it,” the star. μὲν … δέ marks an antithesis: though it is very bright, it is an evil sign. τε: epic τε in generalizing statement (Monro 332.b). τέτυκται: “is made,” “is” + nom. pred. (here neuter), pf. pass. > τεύχω (Monro 28).
32: ὣς: “so,” closing the simile from line 26. τοῦ: “this one’s,” demonstrative pronoun referring to Achilles. χαλκὸς: (bronze) armor. θέοντος: “(while) running,” or “as he was running,” cirumstantial ptc. > θέω (Goodell 583).
33: ᾤμωξεν: aor. > οἰμώζω. ὅ γε: still Priam. χερσὶν: dat. pl. of means > χείρ (Goodell 526.a).
34: ἀνασχόμενος: “raising (his hands),” aor. mid. ptc. > ἀν-έχω. μέγα: “loudly,” “greatly,” cognate accusative adjective, translated as an adverb (Goodell 536.b). ἐγεγώνει: “was shouting,” 3rd sg. plpf. > perf. γέγωνα, plpf. in form but imperfect in sense (Smyth 1952.a).
36: ἑστήκει: “had stopped,” “was standing,” intr. plpf. > ἴστημι. μεμαὼς: "eager," pf. act. ptc. > μέμονα, with pres. sense (Monro 36.5). Ἀχιλῆϊ: “with…,” dat. with verb of fighting (Monro 144).
37: προσηύδα: = προσηύδαε, 3rd sg. inchoative impf. with double acc. (Monro 70), “began to address (+ acc.).” ἐλεεινὰ: internal accusative functioning as an adverb (Goodell 536.b), either “piteously,” (in the view of observers), or “in an attempt to arouse compassion” (from Hector). See ἐλέησον (22.59) and οἴκτιστον (22.76). ὀρεγνύς: "stretching out," "extending," nom. sg. pres. ptc. > ὀρέγνυμι.
vocabulary
ἄστυ ἄστεος τό: a city, town
ἠΰτε: as, like, than
νεβρός: a fawn
ἱδρώς –ῶτος ὁ, acc. ἱδρῶ [ἱδρῶτα]: sweat
ἀποψύχω, impf. pass. ἀπεψύχοντο: to cool off, dry off
ἀκέομαι, pres. partic. ἀκειόμενοι : to heal, cure; to quench
δίψα: thirst
κλίνω, aor. ἔκλιναν, perf. partic. κεκλιμένος, aor. pass. ἐκλίνθη: to lean, turn aside, put to flight; (pass.) bend aside (or back), rest
ἔπαλξις –ιος ἡ: battlement
ἀτάρ: but, yet
Ἀχαιός: Achaian
ἆσσον: nearer, very near
σάκος -εος τό: a shield
ὦμος ὤμου ὁ: shoulder (with the upper arm)
Ἕκτωρ: Hector, the most distinguished warrior of the Trojans, son of Priam and Hecabe, and husband of Andromache.5
αὐτοῦ: (adv.) at the very place, just here, just there
ὀλοός: destroying, destructive, fatal, deadly, murderous
μοῖρα –ας ἡ: portion, fate, lot
πεδάω, aor. ἐπέδησε(ν): to ensnare, entangle, fetter
Ἴλιος: Ilian, Trojan
προπάροιθε: before, in front of
πύλη –ης ἡ: one wing of a pair of double gates; (pl.) gate
Σκαιαί: the Scaean Gate of Troy, the only gate of the city which Homer mentions by name. It appears to have faced the Greek camp, affording a view over the Trojan plain.
Πηλεΐων: son of Peleus
προσαυδάω: to speak to, address
Φοῖβος: Phoebus, epithet of Apollo
Ἀπόλλων: Apollo, son of Zeus and Leto, brother of Artemis, God of the sun and light, of song, of herds, of the bow, and of health and disease. He favors the Trojans against the Greeks.
τίπτε: why? (τί ποτε)
Πηλεύς gen. –ῆος and έος : Peleus, king of the Myrmidons. He was the son of Aeacus, husband of Thetis, and father of Achilles.
θνητός –ή –όν: mortal
ἄμβροτος: immortal, divine
πω: ever, yet
ἀσπερχές: eagerly, ceaselessly, hotly, vehemently10
μενεαίνω, aor. μενεήναμεν: to be angered, be enraged, rage; to eagerly desire
μέλω, fut. μελήσει and μελήσεται, perf. μέμηλε: to be a care, be an object of concern. (1) The object of concern is put in the nom. and the person who feels the concern in the dat. (2) The verb is impersonal and takes the object of concern in the gen.
Τρῶες: Trojans
τοι: let me tell you, surely
εἴλω, aor. pass. ἄλεν, subj. εἰλέωσι: to hold back, detain
δεῦρο: here, this way, over here
λιάζομαι, aor. λιάσθης, aor. partic. λιασθείς: to bend, retire, withdraw
κτείνω, aor. subj. κτείνῃς, aor. (ἔ)κτανε(ν) and ἔκτα, aor. mid. as pass. κτάμενος: to slay, kill
μόρσιμος: fated, destined
ὀχθέω, aor. ὤχθησαν, aor. partic. ὀχθήσας: to be vexed; to be troubled, be distressed
πρόσφημι, impf. προσέφη, aor. προσεῖπον or προσέειπον: speak to, address
ὠκύς ὠκεῖα ὠκύ: quick, swift, fleet
Ἀχιλλεύς -έως or -ῆος ὁ: Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, leader of the Myrmidons and Hellenes in Thessaly, the mightiest warrior before Troy, and the principal hero of the Iliad.
βλάπτω, aor. ἔβλαψας, aor. pass. partic. βλαφθείς: to weaken, blind15
Ἑκάεργος: the far-working, epithet of Apollo
ἐνθάδε: thither, hither, here, there
γαῖα –ας ἡ: a land, country
ὀδάξ: adv. with the teeth, biting
εἰσαφικνέομαι, 2nd aor. inf. εἰσαφικέσθαι: to reach, arrive at
κῦδος -εος τό: glory, renown
τίσις –ιος ἡ: payment, punishment, vengeance
δείδω, aor. (ἔ)δεισεν, perf. δείδοικα, perf. imperat. δείδιθι, perf. partic. δειδιότες, plpf. ἐδείδιμεν: to fear, be afraid
ὀπίσω or ὀπίσσω: backwards, in the future
τίνω, aor. opt. τίσειαν, aor. mid. opt. τίσαίμην, fut. mid. inf. τίσεσθαι, pres. mid. inf. τίσασθαι: to pay; to punish, avenge20
σεύω, aor. ἔσσευα, σεῦε or σεύατο, perf. ἔσσυμαι, ἐσσύμενον, plpf. as aor. ἔσσυτο: to drive, pursue, start; (pass.) hasten, hurry, rush
ἀθλοφόρος or ἀεθλοφόρος –ον: prize-winning
ὄχος –εος τό: chariot
ἄρα, ῥά (enclit.), ἄρ, ῥ᾿: so, then, as you know, you know, it seems. Very often it marks an action as natural, or reminds of something recently said. It also marks transitions.
ῥεῖα: easily, lightly
θέω θεύσομαι: to run
τιταίνω: to stretch, draw; mid. to gallop at full speed
πεδίον –ου τό: a plain
λαιψηρός: nimble, swift
γόνυ, gen. γόνατος or γούνατος: knee
νωμάω, impf. (ἐ)νώμα, aor. νώμησαν: to distribute; to direct this way and that, wield, move, ply
γέρων –οντος ὁ: an old man25
Πρίαμος: Priam, son of Laomedon. King of Troy.
παμφαίνω: to shine bright, be shining
ἀστήρ –έρος ὁ: star
ἐπισσεύω, plpf. as aor. ἐπέσσυτο, perf. ἐπέσσυται: mid. hasten on, rush upon
ὀπώρα: the part of the year between the rising of Sirius and of Arcturus
ἀρίζηλος: very clear
οἱ (enclitic, dat. 3rd pers. pron.): (to) him, (to) her
αὐγή: bright light, radiance, beam
ἀμολγός: darkness, νυκτός ἀμολγῷ 'in the dead of night'
κύων κυνός ὁ or ἡ: a dog
Ὠρίων: Orion, the mighty hunter, beloved of Eos, and in this context, a constellation.
ἐπίκλησις: a name
σῆμα –ατος τό: a sign, mark, token, character, monument, mound, portent30
τεύχω τεύξω ἔτευξα τέτευχα τέτυγμαι ἐτύχθην: to make ready, make, build, work
πυρετός: a fever
δειλός –ή –όν: cowardly, fearful; wretched
βροτός –οῦ ὁ: a mortal man
χαλκός –οῦ ὁ: bronze
λάμπω: to give light, shine, beam, be bright, brilliant, radiant
στῆθος –εος τό: the breast, chest
οἰμώζω, aor. ᾤμωζεν, aor. partic. οἰμώξας: to wail aloud, lament
κόπτω, impf. κόπτε, aor. mid. κόψατο: to strike, smite, beat; to hammer, forge
ὑψόσε: aloft, on high, up high
ἀνέχω, fut. ἀνέξομαι and ἀνσχήσεσθαι, aor. ἀνέσχον: to hold up, lift, raise; mid. to hold up under, be patient, endure, suffer, allow; draw up
γέγωνα, 2nd perf. w/ pres. meaning, plpf. ἐγεγώνει: to call out
λίσσομαι: to beg, pray, entreat, beseech35
φίλος –η –ον: friend; loved, beloved, dear
ἄμοτον: adv. insatiably, incessantly, without ceasing
μέμαα, perf.: to be eager, rush on impetuously. μεμαότες: eager
ἐλεεινός, comp. ἐλεεινότερος: pitiable, to be pitied; ἐλεεινά: neut. as adv., pitifully, piteously
ὀρέγω: to reach, stretch, stretch out