Selection 5 (4b.13.1-11)

[4b.13.1] 'Quid istās’ inquis, ‘ineptiās, quibus litterātior est quisque, nōn melior, tam operōsē persequeris? quōmodo fīant nivēs dīcis, cum multō magis ad nōs pertineat dīcī ā tē quārē emendae nōn sint’. iubēs mē lītem cum luxuriā lītigāre? cotīdiānum istud et sine effectū iūrgium est. lītigēmus tamen, etiamsī superior futūra est; pugnantēs ac reluctantēs vincat. [4b.13.2] quid porrō? hanc ipsam īnspectiōnem nātūrae nihil iūdicās ad id quod vīs cōnferre? cum quaerimus quōmodo nix fīat, et dīcimus illam pruīnae similem habēre nātūram, plūs illī spīritūs quam aquae inesse, nōn putās exprobrārī illīs, cum emere aquam turpe sit, sī nē aquam quidem emunt? [4b.13.3] nōs vērō quaerāmus potius quōmodo fīant nivēs quam quōmodo serventur, quoniam, nōn contentī vīna diffundere, veterāria per sapōrēs aetātēsque dispōnere, invēnimus quōmodo stīpārēmus nivem, ut ea aestātem ēvinceret et contrā annī fervōrem dēfenderētur locī frīgore. quid hāc dīligentiā cōnsecūtī sumus? nempe ut grātuītam mercēmur aquam. nōbīs dolet quod spīritum, quod sōlem emere nōn possumus, quod hic āēr etiam dēlicātīs dīvitibusque ex facilī nec ēmptus venit. ō quam nōbīs male est quod quicquam ā rērum nātūrā in mediō relictum est! [4b.13.4] hoc quod illa fluere et patēre omnibus voluit, cuius haustum vītae pūblicum fēcit, hoc quod tam hominī quam ferīs avibusque et inertissimīs animālibus in ūsum largē ac beātē profūdit, contrā sē ingeniōsa luxuria redēgit ad pretium. adeō nihil illī potest placēre nisi carum. ūnum hoc erat quod dīvitēs in aequum turbae dēdūceret, quō nōn possent antecēdere pauperrimum; illī cui dīvitiae molestae sunt excōgitātum est quemadmodum etiam caperet aqua luxuriam.

[4b.13.5] Unde hoc perventum sit ut nūlla nōbīs aqua satis frīgida vidērētur quae flueret, dīcam. quamdiū sānus et salūbris cibī capāx stomachus est implēturque, nōn premitur, nātūrālibus fōmentīs contentus est. ubi cotīdiānīs crūditātibus perustus nōn temporis aestūs sed suōs sentit, ubi ēbrietās continua vīsceribus īnsēdit et praecordia bīle in quam vertitur torret, aliquid necessāriō quaeritur quō aestus ille frangātur, quī ipsīs aquīs incalēscit. remediīs incitant vitium; itaque nōn aestāte tantum, sed et mediā hieme nivem causā parī bibunt. [4b.13.6] quae huius reī causa est nisi intestīnum malum et luxū corrupta praecordia? quibus nūllum intervāllum umquam quō interquiēscerent datum est, sed prandia cēnīs usque in lūcem perductīs ingesta sunt, et distentōs cōpiā ferculōrum ac varietāte comissātiō altius mersit. deinde numquam intermissa intemperantia quidquid alimenti dēcoxerat efferāvit, et in dēsīderium semper novī rigōris accendit. [4b.13.7] itaque quamvīs cēnātiōnem vēlīs ac speculāribus mūniant, et igne multō doment hiemem, nihilōminus stomachus ille solūtus et aestū suō languidus quaerit aliquid quō ērigātur. nam sīcut animō relictōs stupentēsque frīgidā spargimus ut ad sēnsum suī redeant, ita vīscera istōrum vitiīs torpentia nihil sentiunt, nisi frīgore illa vehementiōre perusserīs. [4b.13.8] inde est, inquam, quod nē nive quidem contentī sunt, sed glaciem, velut certior illī ex solidō rigor sit, exquīrunt ac saepe repetītīs aquīs dīluunt. quae nōn ē summō tollitur sed, ut vim maiōrem habeat et pertinācius frīgus, ex abditō effoditur. itaque nē ūnum quidem eius est pretium, sed habet īnstitōrēs aqua et annōnam (prō pudor!) variam. [4b.13.9] unguēntāriōs Lacedaemoniī urbe expulērunt et properē cēdere fīnibus suīs iussērunt, quia oleum disperderent. quid illī fēcissent sī vidissent repōnendae nivis officīnās et tot iūmenta portandae aquae dēservientia, cuius colōrem sapōremque paleīs quibus cūstōdiunt inquinant?

[4b.13.10] At, dīī bonī, quam facile est extinguere sitim sānam! sed quid sentīre possunt ēmortuae faucēs et occallātae cibīs ārdentibus? quemadmodum nihil illīs satis frīgidum, sīc nihil satis calidum est, sed ārdentēs bōlētōs et raptim indūmentō suō mersātōs dēmittunt paene fūmantēs, quōs deinde restinguant nivātīs pōtiōnibus. vidēbis, inquam, quōsdam gracilēs et palliolō fōcālīque circumdatōs, pallentēs et aegrōs nōn sorbēre sōlum nivem sed etiam ēsse et frusta eius in scyphōs suōs dēicere, nē tepēscant inter ipsam bibendī moram. [4b.13.11] sitim istam esse putās? febris est, et quidem eō ācrior quod nōn tāctū vēnārum nec in cutem effūsō calōre dēprehenditur; sed cor ipsum excoquit luxuria, invictum malum et ex mollī fluidōque dūrum atque patiēns. nōn intellegis omnia cōnsuētūdine vim suam perdere? itaque nix ista, in quā iam etiam natātis, eō pervenit ūsū et cotīdiānā stomachī servitūte ut aquae locum obtineat. aliquid adhūc quaerite illā frīgidius, quia prō nihilō est familiāris rigor.

    Selection 5 (4b.13.1–11): Critique of the trade of snow and the luxurious habits of the rich

    This selection from the conclusion of Book 4b treats celestial waters such as hail and snow. These were typical topics for works of meteorology, and one can find a discussion in Aristotle’s Meteorologica 347b16–349a3. Because the opening of this book is lost, we are unsure about all of the subjects covered, but what remains covers frozen precipitation. After differentiating between hail and snow, providing the scientific theories of the two (see Williams 2012: 149–70), and offering some rather humorous examples of ancient beliefs in warding off hail, Seneca finishes the book with a peroration against the trade in ice and snow and what this has done to pervert the natural order of eating, drinking, and other social interactions. There is a similar digression about eating red mullet in Book 3, and one about the way humans have manipulated the winds for their own imperialist desires at the conclusion of Book 5. For the connections of ethics and physics in these sections, see Scott 1999 and Williams 2012: 54–92.

    [4b.13.1] The social and ethical effects of the trade in ice and snow.

    inquis: Lucilius is the interlocutor here. Seneca enlivens his account by adding other voices and questioning the purpose of own investigations. Here Lucilius wonders if such knowledge is making Seneca more learned (litteratior), but not better (melior).

    quibus: its antecedent is ineptias; ablative of means (AG 409).

    quomodo fiant: fiant is subjunctive in an indirect question (AG 574).

    cum … pertineat: concessive cum clause with the subjunctive (AG 549).

    dici a te: te is ablative of personal agent with the passive infinitive dici (AG 405).

    quare emendae non sint: “why it should not be purchased,” subjunctive in indirect question. The subject is nives, “snow.” The plural nives is interchangeable with the singular nix.

    litem cum luxuria litigare: legal language, which is common in the NQ (Lehoux 2012: 77–105). Luxuria is often attacked by Seneca in his philosophical treatises (e.g. Ep. 100.10: “I want luxury to be castigated, debauchery to be lessened, and violence to be crushed”). In the NQ luxuria leads to unnatural behavior, such as the behavior of those who take pleasure in watching a fish die before they eat it, to ensure maximum freshness (NQ 3.17.2-3.18.7).

    superior futura est: “it will win.” luxuria is the subject.

    pugnantes ac reluctantes: supply nos.

    [4b.13.2] Snow merchants have figured out how to pack and preserve it against heat. The rich in effect purchase water, which is free.

    quid porro?: “what else?” “what further?” introducing a rhetorical question, as at 3.30.2.

    nihil … conferre: “that it contributes nothing,” indirect statement after iudicas

    vis: > volo, velle, 2 sing.

    pruinae: dative with similem (AG 384)

    plus illi spiritus quam aquae inesse: supply dicimus; illi and aquae are datives with inesse, as normal with compounds of esse. spiritus = “air.” Un-compacted snow is typically 90–95% trapped air.

    exprobrari illis: "that a reproach is being leveled at them," impersonal passive infinitive + dat. (AG 372)

    ne … quidem: surrounds and emphasizes the word it negates (AG 322.f). Because there is more air than water in snow, those who buy snow in essence spend their money on what is mostly air.

     [4b.13.3] The rich want to put a price on the free gifts of nature and are distressed that certain of nature’s gifts remain free.

    diffundere: “decant” into vessels, such as amphoras, for storage and preservation.

    disponere: “arrange” on racks according to (per) their flavor and age. Seneca represents such connoisseurship as a blameworthy product of luxuria.

    stiparemus: “we compact”

    nempe: “doubtless.” The tone is ironic and satirical.

    nobis dolet: take dolet impersonally with nobis = “we grieve that….” The ironic tone continues though the end of the section.

    hic aer: “this air,” around us, as opposed to the spiritus trapped in snow

    ex facili nec emptus: “readily and unbought”

    in medio: “for the public, open to all” (LS medius II.B.1).

    [4b.13.4] Nature made water available to all, but the rich have turned even this into a means of conspicuous consumption, a way to separate themselves from the mob.

    hoc quod: “this (i.e., water), a thing which”

    illa: natura.

    cuius haustum vitae publicum fecit: “the drinking of which she has made common to life,” i.e., communal property (LS publicus I.B.2.a).

    in usum: “to use”

    contra se ingeniosa: “clever against itself.” Luxuria’s (i.e. the luxurious person’s) actions are self-defeating. Seneca mentions luxuria’s cleverness at Ep. 90.19.

    redegit ad pretium: “has put a price on,” “has reduced to the status of a commodity” (LS redigo II.B, OLD pretium 6.a)

    illi: luxuria, dative because placere takes the dative (AG 367).

    quod divites in aequum turbae deduceret: “which reduced the wealthy to the status of the mob.” deduceret is subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic (AG 535); the same syntax governs quo possent.

    antecedere: “take precedence over” + acc.

    illi cui divitiae molestae sunt: “someone burdened by riches.” illi is dative with the impersonal passive excogitatum est.

    excogitatum est: The verb highlights the mental effort needed by the rich to make even water a luxury item. Seneca utilizes it in a similar manner at NQ 3.18.3, and 5.18.4.

    quemadmodum etiam caperet aqua luxuriam: “how even water might acquire the status of a luxury.” caperet is subjunctive in an indirect question (AG 574).

    [4b.13.5] Seneca explains how snow came to be the only form of water that could alleviate this heat.

    General humoral theory (especially the mention of bilis “bile”) and common sense about body temperature underlie this section. Chronic heartburn anyone?

    unde ... dicam: dicam is future; unde introduces an indirect question.

    ut nobis ... videretur: a substantive clause of result (AG 568). The first person singular (nobis) is again ironic.

    quae flueret: no flowing water is cold enough, i.e., it must be frozen.

    salubris cibi: genitive after capax, “receptive to”

    premitur: “is oppressed” by overeating

    cruditatibus: “indigestion”

    temporis aestus: “heat of the season.”

    in quam vertitur: “into which it changes” (LS verto I.B.2.a)

    quo aestus ille frangatur: relative clause of purpose (AG 531)

    qui ... incalescit: the heat is so great it warms up water that once could have quenched it, thus the warm(ed) water becomes part of the problem.

    non tantum ... sed et: “not only ... but also”

    causa pari: “for the same reason” (abl.)

    [4b.13.6] By continually eating such food, no respite is given to rejuvenate the digestive system.

    Nero apparently enjoyed drinking hot water that he cooled by putting his glass in snow (Pliny N.H. 31.40, see Woods 2009).

    nullum ... umquam: the tone is vehement and hyperbolic

    quo interquiescerent: relative clause of purpose (AG 531); the antecedent of quo is intervallo.

    datum est ... ingesta sunt ... mersit: perfect tense stating a general truth (AG 475), implying that such conduct is very widespread.

    prandia ... ingesta sunt: the life of this individual consists of only eating.

    usque in lucem: “all the way until dawn.” In Petronius’ contemporary novel Satyrica the rich freedman Trimalchio declares, usque in lucem cenemus, “let’s dine all the way until dawn” (Sat. 73.6).

    numquam intermissa intemperantia: “uninterrupted excess”

    quicquid alimenti decoxerat: "whatever of the food had been digested". alimenti is Oltramare's (1961) emendation of animi in the manuscripts.

    efferavit: “irritates,” a hyperbolic use of the verb effero -are, which normally means “to make savage.”

    in desiderium semper novi rigoris accendit: Seneca plays with the language of heat and cold in order to point out how unnatural this is.

    [4b.13.7] In winter dining rooms are kept warm, yet even then the stomach craves something cold to spur it to life.

    quamvis ... doment: concessive clause introduced by quamvis with the subjunctive (AG 527).

    vēlīs … specularibus: “with draperies and windowpanes,” ablatives of means. It was relatively common for windows to be made of a semi-translucent stone instead of glass (they featured in insulae at Ostia).

    muniant: “they fortify” against the cold. The subject is an indefinite “they,” referring to the snow-fanciers Seneca is criticizing. A verb in a clause introduced by the conjunction quamvis (“as much as you will,” however much”) is regularly subjunctive, as here, though indicative is also used with no substantial difference in meaning (LS quamvis II).

    solutus et aestu suo languidus: “numbed [LS solvo I.B.3.b.α, literally ‘loose’] and languid from its own burning.” The “loosening” of the stomach caused by heat mimics a reaction that Seneca elsewhere describes in the natural world, where heat melts or “loosens” certain stones and evaporates water.

    animo relictos stupentesque: “people who have lost consciousness or are dazed” (Corcoran). For animus = “consciousness,” see LS animus II.A.3. When describing fainting, Latin says “consciousness left him,” rather that “he lost consciousness” (Caes. De Bello Gallico 6.36, Ov. Metamorphoses 10.459).

    frigidā: supply aquā

    ut ... redeant: purpose clause (AG 531)

    illa: viscera

    perusseris: “you scorch (with intense cold),” future perfect, 2nd person singular, with nisi. The second person is generalizing, though is could also be aimed at Lucilius, the addressee of the work. Once again Seneca plays with a verb that originally means “to burn up” but applies it to cold “to nip, pinch.”

    [4b.13.8] If snow was bad, ice is even worse, and the trade it has engendered in Rome is absurd.

    inde est ... quod: “that is why,” with inde expressing cause (OLD inde 10.a)

    ne nive quiden: ne … quidem surround and emphasize the word they negate (AG 322.f).

    velut certior illi ex solido rigor sit: “as if it had a more reliable coldness because of its solidity,” conditional clause of comparison with the subjunctive (AG 524); illī is dative of possession (AG 373).

    saepe repetitis aquis diluunt: “they dissolve (the ice) with often repeated waters,” i.e., by bathing it repeatedly in water.

    e summo: “from the top” of a frozen lake or river

    ut ... habeat: purpose clause (AG 531).

    ex abdito: understand loco, “from a hidden place”; abditus -a -um > abdo

    institores: “small-time retailers,” “peddlers”

    annonam ... variam: “a varying price,” like wheat, depending on the market. Seneca finds this kind of small-time trade particularly shameful (pro pudor!), perhaps because it shows the habit of buying ice is widespread.

    [4b.13.9] If Spartans expelled perfume manufacturers from their city, what would they have done to ice traders?

    read more

    The assumption is, of course, that we should be more like the Spartans as well and live in such a way. For the Spartans in Seneca, see the entry in A.L. Motto 1970 and for Spartan influence on Stoics like Cato the Younger see Cic. Pro Murina 74. On Stoicism’s early founders, see Brunt’s assessment, “It seems probable that both of them [Chrysippus and Cleanthes] shared, very probably with similar reservations, in Plato’s approval of the Spartan system of training the young for virtue” (2013: 25).

    unguentarios: perfume-makers and sellers were supposedly expelled from Sparta because of their “tainting” of oil with scent, and because the use of perfume was thought to be effeminate. This story is told in Athenaeus Deipnosophistae 686F. Unadulterated olive oil for bathing was considered prefereable by the more austere (see Call. Hymn 5.16). Seneca elsewhere criticizes contemporary perfumed dandies (Ep. 86.13).

    quia ... disperderent: quia takes the subjunctive in a causal clause (AG 540); the use of the subjunctive indicates the belief is that of the Spartans.

    quid ... fecissent, si vidissent: past contrary-to-fact condition (AG 517).

    reponendae nivis officinas: “shops for storing snow,” i.e., an icehouse. reponendae and nivis are both genitive. When a gerund would have an object in the accusative, the gerundive is generally used instead. The gerundive agrees with its noun, which takes the case that the gerund would have had (AG 503). Shafts found near the Roman colony of Augusta Raurica in Northern Switzerland may have been used for snow storage, according to Swiss archaeologists.

    portandae aquae deservientia: deservire takes the dative, hence the dative cases of the gerundive + noun, portandae aquae.

    [4b.13.10] The desire for cold drinks is a sign of sickness and stems either from scorching the throat with excessively hot food, or from a kind of fever.

    read more

    It is easy to quench a normal thirst. Luxurious habits have made eating and drinking, in some sense, more difficult, and the current trend of bolting hot mushrooms and then quenching the fire with a snow-cooled beverage is unnatural (see a similar disapproving story of such drinks at de Providentia 3.13).

    quam facile: “how easy,” introducing an exclamatory sentence (AG 269).

    emortuae fauces: we have killed our throats by such eating habits.

    quemadmodum ... sic: “just as ... so”

    ardentes boletos: mushrooms were a delicacy, but they could be dangerous. Court gossip suggested that Claudius had died from eating poisoned mushrooms (Pliny N.H. 22.46).

    raptim indumento suo mersatos: “hurriedly plunged in their sauce” presumably just off the grill, tableside.

    demittunt: "they thrust down" into their throats (OLD demitto 3.b). 

    quosdam graciles: these gourmands resemble delicate invalids

    focali: > focale -is n., a scarf worn round the neck by maddened lovers according to Horace, Sermones 2.4.255. There is a comparison between the physically ill and the mentally ill that Seneca is exploiting by using this word.

    non ... solum, sed etiam: “not only ... but also.”

    esse: “to eat”  > edō esse ēdī ēsum, (not sum esse fuī, “to be”)

    ne tepescant: negative purpose clause (AG 531) referring to the cups of the drinkers and, by insinuation, the drinkers themselves.

    [4b.13.11] Overindulgence in hot food has cooked their innards and given them an internal fever undetectable by normal methods. Dulled to the cooling effects of snow, they will have to search for something even colder.

    eo acrior quod: “all the more severe because.” eo is ablative of comparison with acrior (AG 406).

    tactu venarum: the act of “taking the pulse” to see if someone has a fever. Hippocrates and Praxagoras were interested in the pulse. This “fever” (febris) is worse not only because it cannot be detected, but also because it cooks the very heart.

    luxuria, invictum malum: invictum malum stands in apposition with luxuria.

    ex molli … patiens: ex indicates change from one quality to another: “out of,” “from being.” Luxury almost acts like water turning to ice, as it becomes hard (i.e. becomes ingrained in the user) from a softer and more fluid origin. For traditional associations of softness and luxury, see Cicero De Officiis 1.106, "we shall understand how foul it is to overflow with luxury and to live in voluptuous softness" (intellegemus quam sit turpe diffluere luxuria et delicate ac molliter vivere). patiens = “firm, unyielding, hard” is a poetic usage (LS patior B.2).

    omnia ... perdere: indirect speech with omnia as the subject of perdere and vim suam as the direct object.

    read more

    Elsewhere in NQ Seneca will write how even amazing astronomical events have lost their power to impress us because we see them nightly (e.g. 7.1.1, 7.20.2). At Ep. 112.1 he writes of a similar hardened sinner: “he proves to be a hard case; no, rather (and what is worse), he is very soft and has been broken by his consistently bad habits” (sed valde durus capitur, immo, quod est molestius, valde mollis capitur et consuetudine mala ac diutina fractus).

    in qua ... natatis: again, the use of the 2nd person plural here would open up the audience to multiple readers, possibly including Nero himself, whom Suetonius reports swam in a snow-cooled pool (Nero 27.2).

    ut ... obtineat: result clause (AG 537) introduced by eo pervenit, “it has reached such a point that….”

    pro nihilo: pro indicates functional equivalence: “like nothing,” “worthless.”

    quid: what; why

    ineptiae –ārum f.: instances of folly, frivolities

    litterātus –a –um: versed in literature, cultured

    melior melius: better

    operōsus –a –um: full of labor, industrious

    persequor persequī persecūtus sum: to follow persistently, chase after, prosecute

    nix nivis f.: snow

    multō: by much, greatly

    emō emere ēmī ēmptus: to buy, obtain, gain

    līs lītis f.: quarrel, dispute, lawsuit, litigation

    luxuria luxuriae f.: luxury

    lītigō lītigāre lītigāvī lītigātum: to quarrel, litigate

    cottīdiānus (cotīdiānus) –a –um: daily

    effectus –ūs m.: effect, result; with sine = without a decisive result

    iurgium –ī n.: quarrel, abuse

    lītigō lītigāre lītigāvī lītigātum: to quarrel, litigate

    etiamsī: even if, although

    reluctor reluctārī reluctātus: to struggle, resist

    porrō: in turn, further, next 4b.13.2

    īnspectiō –ōnis f.: an inspection; consideration

    nix nivis f.: snow

    pruīna –ae f.: frost

    īnsum inesse īnfuī: to be in

    exprobrō -probrāre: to reproach, criticize

    emō emere ēmī ēmptus: to buy, obtain, gain

    nē…quidem: not even

    nix nivis f.: snow 4b.13.3

    contentus -a -um: satisfied, content

    diffundō –ere –fūdī –fūsus: to pour forth, spread out, cheer up

    veterārius –a –um: old, ancient

    sapor –ōris m. : taste

    dispōnō dispōnere dispōsuī dispōsitus: distribute, arrange, assign

    stīpō stīpāre stīpāvī stīpātus: to crowd, press together

    aestās aestātis f.: summer

    ēvincō –ere –vīcī –victus: to conquer completely; overcome

    fervor –ōris m.: heat

    frīgus frīgoris n.: cold, chill

    dīligentia dīligentiae f.: diligence, care, frugality

    nempe: indeed

    grātuitus –a –um: costing nothing, free of charge

    mercor –ātus sum: trade, buy

    quod: because

    emō emere ēmī ēmptus: to buy, obtain, gain

    dēlicātus –a –um: self-indulgent; pampered; difficult to please; dainty

    emō emere ēmī ēmptus: to buy, obtain, gain

    hastus -ūs m: drinking, swallowing 4b.13.4

    fera ferae f.: wild beast

    iners –ertis: unskilled, lazy

    largus –a –um: ample

    profundō –ere –fūdī –fūsus: to pour forth; pour

    ingeniōsus –a –um: clever, ingenious

    luxuria luxuriae f.: luxury

    redigō redigere redēgī redāctum: bring down, reduce, compel

    antecēdō –cēdere –cessī –cessum: surpass, excel; precede

    molestus –a –um: troublesome, annoying

    excōgitō –āre –āvī –ātus: to contrive, devise, invent

    luxuria luxuriae f.: luxury

    frīgidus –a –um: cool, cold 4b.13.5

    quamdiū or quam diū: as long as

    salūbris –e or salūber –bris –bre: healthy

    capāx –ācis: big enough for, spacious

    stomachus –ī m.: the gullet; chest

    nātūrālis –e: natural

    fōmentum –ī n.: nourishment

    contentus -a -um: satisfied, content

    cottīdiānus (cotīdiānus) –a –um: daily

    crūditas –ātis f.: an overloading of the stomach, indigestion

    perūrō –ūrere –ussī –ustum: to burn up, nip, pinch, chafe

    aestus aestūs m.: heat; tide, seething, raging (of the sea)

    ēbrietās ēbrietātis f. : drunkenness, intoxication

    continuus –a –um: connected

    vīscus vīsceris n.: innards

    īnsīdō –ere –sēdī –sessus: to sink

    praecordia –ōrum n.: abdomen, entrails, stomach

    bīlis –is f. (abl. sg. –ī or –e): bile, wrath

    torreō –ēre –uī tostus: to burn

    necessārius –a –um: necessary, essential

    aestus aestūs m.: heat; tide, seething, raging (of the sea)

    incalēscō –calēscere –caluī —: to grow warm, be heated

    remedium remediī n.: cure

    incitō incitāre incitāvī incitātus: to accelerate, rouse, excite

    aestās aestātis f.: summer

    nix nivis f.: snow

    bibō bibere bibī: to drink

    intestīnum –ī n. or intestina (colloquial): gut, intestine 4b.13.6

    luxus –ūs m.: excess, extravagance in eating and drinking, luxury

    praecordia –ōrum n.: abdomen, entrails, stomach

    intervāllum –ī n.: interval, space, gap, opening, break, pause

    interquiēscō –ere –ēvī –ētus: to rest awhile, pause

    prandium –ī n.: lunch

    cēna cēnae f.: dinner

    perdūcō perdūcere perdūxī perductum: to bring to/over

    ingerō –ere –gessī –gestus: heap on, pile up

    distendō –ere –tendī –tēnsus –or tentus: to stretch out, stuff, fill

    fericulum (ferculum) –ī n. or fericulus –ī m. : dish, course, food tray

    varietās varietātis f.: variety

    cōmissātiō –ōnis f.: revelry

    mergō –ere mersī mersus: sink, bury, overwhelm

    intermittō intermittere intermīsī intermīssus: to leave off, neglect

    intemperantia –ae f.: excess

    dēcoquō –coquere –coxī –coctum: to boil away, cook, ruin oneself

    efferō –āre: to make wild, make savage; not to be confused with effero-efferre

    dēsīderium dēsīderi(ī) n.: desire

    rigor –ōris m.: cold, chilliness, stiffness

    accendō accendere accendī accēnsus: to kindle, set on fire

    cēnātiō –ōnis f. : dining room 4b.13.7

    vēlum vēlī n.: cloth, awning, covering, hanging

    speculāria -ōrum n. pl.: window panes, a window

    mūniō mūnīre mūnīvī mūnītus: to build, fortify

    domō domāre domuī domitus: to subdue, master, tame

    nihilōminus or nihilō minus: nevertheless

    stomachus –ī m.: the gullet; chest

    aestus aestūs m.: heat; tide, seething, raging (of the sea)

    languidus –a –um: languid

    ērigō ērigere ērēxī ērēctus: to raise, rise, set up, excite, encourage

    stupeō –ēre –uī: to be amazed or dazed; to be bewildered

    frīgidus –a –um: cool, cold

    vīscus vīsceris n.: innards

    torpeō torpēre: to be numb

    frīgus frīgoris n.: cold, chill

    vehemēns –ntis: violent

    perūrō –ūrere –ussī –ustum: to burn up, nip, pinch, chafe

    nē…quidem: not even 4b.13.8

    contentus -a -um: satisfied

    glaciēs –eī f.: ice

    solidus –a –um: dense, firm, solid

    rigor –ōris m.: cold, chilliness, stiffness

    exquīrō exquīrere exquīsīvī exquīsītus: to seek out

    dīluō dīluere dīluī dīlūtus: wash off, dilute, weaken

    summus –a –um: highest

    pertināx –ācis : persevering, stubborn

    frīgus frīgoris n.: cold, chill

    abditus –a –um: hidden, secluded, out of the way

    effodiō –ere –fōdī –fossus: to dig out, mine, excavate

    nē…quidem: not even

    īnstitor –ōris m.: peddler, shopkeeper

    annōna –ae f.: crop (grain), price

    prō (prōh): wow!

    unguentārius –ī m.: ointment dealers, perfumer 4b.13.9

    Lacedaemonius –a –um: Lacedaemonian; Spartan

    expellō expellere expulī expulsus: to propel, drive out, expel

    properus –a –um: quick

    oleum –ī n.: oil

    dis–perdō –perdere –perdidī –perditum: to ruin, destroy utterly

    repōnō repōnere reposuī repositus: to put back, store

    nix nivis f.: snow

    officīna –ae f.: office, workshop

    iūmentum –ī n.: mule, beast of burden

    dēserviō –īre –servīre: to serve, be of service/use to

    sapor –ōris m. : taste

    palea –ae f.: chaff, straw

    custōdiō custōdīre custōdīvī custōdītus: to guard

    inquinō inquināre inquināvī inquinātus: daub, stain, smear

    exstinguō exstinguere exstinxī exstinctus: to extinguish 4b.13.10

    sitis –is f.: thirst

    ēmorior emorī ēmortuus sum: to die

    faux faucis f.: mouth

    occallātus (obcallātus) –a –um: rendered callous, blunted

    frīgidus –a –um: cool, cold

    calidus (caldus) –a –um: warm, hot

    bōlētus –ī m.: mushroom

    raptim: suddenly, speedily

    indūmentum –ī n.: sauce, (lit.) something put on

    mersō –āre –āvī –ātum: to submerge, plunge, overwhelm

    dēmittō dēmittere dēmīsī dēmissum: to send down, drop

    fūmō fūmāre fūmāvī fūmātus: to smoke

    restinguō –ere –stīnxī –stīnctus: extinguish, quench, put out

    nivātus –a –um: cooled with snow

    pōtiō –ōnis f.: drink, beverage

    gracilis gracile: thin

    palliolum –ī m. : little Greek cloak, hoodie

    fōcāle –is n.: scarf

    circumdō circumdare circumdedī circumdatus: to surround

    palleō –ēre –uī: to fade, be pale

    sorbeō –ēre –uī: to suck in, drink in, swallow

    nix nivis f.: snow

    scyphus –ī m.: cup, goblet

    dēiciō dēicere dēiēcī deīctum: to throw down, eject

    tepēscō –ere –uī: to grow warm

    bibō bibere bibī: to drink

    sitis –is f.: thirst 4b.13.11

    febris febris f.: fever

    quod: because

    tāctus –ūs m.: touching; touch

    vēna vēnae f.: vein, channel

    cutis –is f.: the skin

    calor –ōris m.: warmth

    dēprehendō dēprehendere dēprehendī dēprehensus: to apprehend, detect, indicate. 

    excoquō –coquere –coxī –coctum: to dry up

    luxuria luxuriae f.: luxury

    invictus –a –um: unconquered

    malum malī n.: evil, calamity

    fluidus –a –um: flowing, running

    nix nivis f.: snow

    natō natāre natāvī natātus: to swim

    cottīdiānus (cotīdiānus) –a –um: daily

    stomachus –ī m.: the gullet; chest

    servitūs servitūtis f.: slavery

    obtineō obtinēre obtinuī obtentus: achieve, gain, hold (a position/rank)

    frīgidus –a –um: cool, cold

    nihilum/nīlum nihilī/nīlī n.: nothing

    familiāris familiāre: domestic, intimate

    rigor –ōris m.: cold, chilliness, stiffness

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