"ὣς ἐφάμην, οἱ δ᾽ ὦκα ἐμοῖς ἐπέεσσι πίθοντο.
Εὐρύλοχος δέ μοι οἶος ἐρύκανε πάντας ἑταίρους·
καί σφεας φωνήσας ἔπεα πτερόεντα προσηύδα·430
·ἆ δειλοί, πόσ᾽ ἴμεν; τί κακῶν ἱμείρετε τούτων;
Κίρκης ἐς μέγαρον καταβήμεναι, ἥ κεν ἅπαντας
ἢ σῦς ἠὲ λύκους ποιήσεται ἠὲ λέοντας,
οἵ κέν οἱ μέγα δῶμα φυλάσσοιμεν καὶ ἀνάγκῃ,
ὥς περ Κύκλωψ ἔρξ᾽, ὅτε οἱ μέσσαυλον ἵκοντο435
ἡμέτεροι ἕταροι, σὺν δ᾽ ὁ θρασὺς εἵπετ᾽ Ὀδυσσεύς·
τούτου γὰρ καὶ κεῖνοι ἀτασθαλίῃσιν ὄλοντο.’
ὣς ἔφατ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε μετὰ φρεσὶ μερμήριξα,
σπασσάμενος τανύηκες ἄορ παχέος παρὰ μηροῦ,
τῷ οἱ ἀποτμήξας κεφαλὴν οὖδάσδε πελάσσαι,440
καὶ πηῷ περ ἐόντι μάλα σχεδόν· ἀλλά μ᾽ ἑταῖροι
μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσιν ἐρήτυον ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος:
‘διογενές, τοῦτον μὲν ἐάσομεν, εἰ σὺ κελεύεις,
αὐτοῦ πὰρ νηί τε μένειν καὶ νῆα ἔρυσθαι·
ἡμῖν δ᾽ ἡγεμόνευ᾽ ἱερὰ πρὸς δώματα Κίρκης.’445
ὣς φάμενοι παρὰ νηὸς ἀνήιον ἠδὲ θαλάσσης.
οὐδὲ μὲν Εὐρύλοχος κοίλῃ παρὰ νηὶ λέλειπτο,
ἀλλ᾽ ἕπετ᾽· ἔδεισεν γὰρ ἐμὴν ἔκπαγλον ἐνιπήν.
τόφρα δὲ τοὺς ἄλλους ἑτάρους ἐν δώμασι Κίρκη
ἐνδυκέως λοῦσέν τε καὶ ἔχρισεν λίπ᾽ ἐλαίῳ,450
ἀμφὶ δ᾽ ἄρα χλαίνας οὔλας βάλεν ἠδὲ χιτῶνας·
δαινυμένους δ᾽ ἐὺ πάντας ἐφεύρομεν ἐν μεγάροισιν.
οἱ δ᾽ ἐπεὶ ἀλλήλους εἶδον φράσσαντό τ᾽ ἐσάντα,
κλαῖον ὀδυρόμενοι, περὶ δὲ στεναχίζετο δῶμα.
ἡ δέ μευ ἄγχι στᾶσα προσηύδα δῖα θεάων·455
‘μηκέτι νῦν θαλερὸν γόον ὄρνυτε· οἶδα καὶ αὐτὴ
ἠμὲν ὅσ᾽ ἐν πόντῳ πάθετ᾽ ἄλγεα ἰχθυόεντι,
ἠδ᾽ ὅσ᾽ ἀνάρσιοι ἄνδρες ἐδηλήσαντ᾽ ἐπὶ χέρσου.
ἀλλ᾽ ἄγετ᾽ ἐσθίετε βρώμην καὶ πίνετε οἶνον,460
εἰς ὅ κεν αὖτις θυμὸν ἐνὶ στήθεσσι λάβητε,
οἷον ὅτε πρώτιστον ἐλείπετε πατρίδα γαῖαν
τρηχείης Ἰθάκης. νῦν δ᾽ ἀσκελέες καὶ ἄθυμοι,
αἰὲν ἄλης χαλεπῆς μεμνημένοι, οὐδέ ποθ᾽ ὕμιν
θυμὸς ἐν εὐφροσύνῃ, ἐπεὶ ἦ μάλα πολλὰ πέποσθε.’465
ὣς ἔφαθ᾽, ἡμῖν δ᾽ αὖτ᾽ ἐπεπείθετο θυμὸς ἀγήνωρ.
ἔνθα μὲν ἤματα πάντα τελεσφόρον εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν
ἥμεθα δαινύμενοι κρέα τ᾽ ἄσπετα καὶ μέθυ ἡδύ·
ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε δή ῥ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸς ἔην, περὶ δ᾽ ἔτραπον ὧραι
μηνῶν φθινόντων, περὶ δ᾽ ἤματα μακρὰ τελέσθη,470
καὶ τότε μ᾽ ἐκκαλέσαντες ἔφαν ἐρίηρες ἑταῖροι·
‘δαιμόνι᾽, ἤδη νῦν μιμνήσκεο πατρίδος αἴης,
εἴ τοι θέσφατόν ἐστι σαωθῆναι καὶ ἱκέσθαι
οἶκον ἐς ὑψόροφον καὶ σὴν ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν.’
notes
Eurylochus fails to persuade them to leave. Circe welcomes them all, and Odysseus and his men remain with Circe for a whole year.
Odysseus persuades the crew left behind at the ships to head to Circe’s house—all except Eurylochus, who asks what seem like reasonable questions: Why would they want to go to Circe’s house, where she will turn them all into pigs, wolves, and lions, prisoners like their friends? Do they want to suffer what happened to the men who died in the Cyclops’s cave, destroyed by Odysseus’s recklessness? This insubordination is too much for Odysseus, who contemplates decapitating Eurylochus:
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ὣς ἔφατ᾽, αὐτὰρ ἐγώ γε μετὰ φρεσὶ μερμήριξα,
σπασσάμενος τανύηκες ἄορ παχέος παρὰ μηροῦ,
τῷ οἱ ἀποπλήξας κεφαλὴν οὖδάσδε πελάσσαι,
καὶ πηῷ περ ἐόντι μάλα σχεδόν: ἀλλά μ᾽ ἑταῖροι
μειλιχίοις ἐπέεσσιν ἐρήτυον ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος:
So he spoke, but I pondered in my mind
as I drew my sharp sword from beside my thigh,
whether to chop off his head and throw it on the ground,
even though he was a close relative; but my companions
restrained me, one after the other, with soft words.
Odyssey 10.438–42
The hero’s violent impulse is somewhat startling amid the rejoicing, and we wonder what Homer is up to. We recall a similar moment of decision in Book 9, when Odysseus contemplates killing the sleeping Polyphemus (Od. 9.299–306). There, the hero decides to hold back without prompting from his companions, a decision that shows him in his role as master strategist, foregoing the immediate pleasure of punishing the monster to serve his larger purposes as a leader of the crew. Here, the emotion he must overcome is apparently more personal, rage at Eurylochus for daring to oppose him. The difference is slight, but instructive. The Cyclops episode aims us toward the triumph of μῆτις, put in the service of both the captain and his men; the encounter with Circe gives a glimpse of the potential conflict between what Odysseus demands and the welfare of the group, something that last appeared appear in the final scene of the Greeks’ escape from Polyphemus.
The emergence of Eurylochus as the representative of the crew’s anxieties focuses our attention on a fundamental problem inherent in the Greeks’ ideas about masculinity, the potential danger for the community in the hero’s power: if trained on the community’s enemies, no force is more welcome; but if the hero’s desire for glory and the good of the group are in conflict, nothing could be more threatening. We might suppose that Achilles in the Iliad is the most extreme example of the destructive (and self-destructive) force of Greek masculine heroism. But that poem is persistently focused on the trade-offs between individual glory and the good of the community and ends with a glimpse at what might have been if the latter had prevailed. No such softening occurs in the Odyssey or its hero. Odysseus remains, as we have said, the hardest, most unrelenting example of heroic masculinity of Greek literature.
The chaos in Ithaka as the Odyssey opens is the dark specter that drives the rhetoric of the poem. Nothing good can happen until the vacuum in male leadership is filled by a worthy king, preferably Odysseus or if he is dead, a mature version of Telemachus. Right order must be restored, and no sacrifice is too great to achieve that goal, including the death of every single crewman, very single suitor and the maids who slept with them. Until the slaughter of the suitors, the dynamic between the hero and his community in the Odyssey is on display almost entirely in the relationship between Odysseus and his men, where we often see the captain’s will overriding the good of the crew, always to their detriment. By the time Odysseus reaches the island of Scheria, he is alone.
Viewed from this perspective, the figure of Eurylochus offers a fleeting glance at what is honored at the end of the Iliad. He becomes a kind of double for Odysseus, the version of the hero that would have hung back in fear for the lives of the crew and avoided exploring the Cyclops’s island and the lair of Circe. Perhaps that captain would have lacked the requisite cunning and boldness to get even himself back home alive, but we might also imagine more than one Greek sailor returning safely to Ithaka. But the Odyssey is not the kind of story, and the weight of the poem’s rhetoric pushes us to scorn caution in the service of the hero’s survival. That his first impulse is to kill Eurylochus for urging second thoughts seems to us somewhat extreme but not out of the question shows how thoroughly we have accepted the poem’s assumptions about means and ends.
The Greeks head back to Circe’s house and a joyous reunion with their comrades, now back in human form. The witch, having washed, clothed, and fed them, speaks in the voice of Siduri, the woman who keeps a tavern on the edge of the Waters of Death in Epic of Gilgamesh: no more grieving; they have suffered much on their journey, time now to take care of themselves; eat, drink, and pursue pleasure while they can. At this point, Homer signals that any threat that Circe might have posed for Odysseus and his crew is gone. The men allow themselves to be bathed by women, always potentially perilous for a man in the Odyssey, and then feast happily with a witch, which leads to eternal captivity in many folktales. It is a measure of how far Odysseus has strayed from his characteristic heroic vigilance that after a year of partying the crew must urge him to push on: Has he forgotten his homeland? That the hero has been willing to delay his quest for Ithaka this long underscores the persistent duality in his character, one part centripetal, always pushing toward home, and one part centrifugal, reaching for new knowledge and experience as a bulwark against the numbing effects of oblivion.
The remainder of the Circe episode shows the witch as a benign ally of the Greeks, helping them prepare for his frightening trip to the land of the dead. During this idyllic interlude, the island of the witch has offered the hero and his crew respite from the unrelenting danger that has surrounded them since they left Troy. The rigid self-control modeled by Odysseus is not for the moment necessary. They may weep, eat and drink, sleep in their beds. For the captain, this luxurious emotional expressiveness also takes the form of sex with the witch, we suppose. Curiously, the place that Aiaia most resembles in this moment is, as we have said, the idealized Ithaka Odysseus has been struggling toward all along, safe, and comfortable, with a supportive, loving woman at its center. There will be much more suffering and loss before he arrives.
Further Reading
Van Nortwick, T. 2008. Imagining Men: Ideals of Masculinity in Ancient Greek Culture, 1–15. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
429 μοι: dative of possession (with ἑταίρους).
431 δειλοί: “wretches”
431 ἴμεν: 1st pl. > εἶμι.
431 ἱμείρετε: the verb takes a genitive.
432 καταβήμεναι: "namely, to go down into...," aor. infin. > καταβαίνω, acting as an object of ἱμείρετε, in apposition to τούτων.
432 ἥ κεν … ποιήσεται: “who will make,” with object and predicate accusatives. ποιήσεται could be a future indicative (Monro 326; Smyth 1793) or a short-vowel subjunctive (Monro 80) in a relative clause of purpose (Monro 304; Smyth 2554c).
432 ἅπαντας: “us all.”
434 οἵ κεν … φυλάσσοιμεν: “who could guard,” “to guard,” relative clause of purpose (Monro 304; Smyth 2554c).
434 οἱ: “for her,” dative of interest.
434 καὶ ἀνάγκῃ: “even by force.”
435 οἱ: “his,” dative of possession.
436 σὺν δ᾽: “along with them.”
436 εἵπετ(ο): impf. > ἕπομαι.
437 τούτου … ἀτασθαλίῃσιν: “because of the recklessness of this man,” dative of cause.
438 μερμήριξα: “I had half a mind to,” with the complementary infinitive πελάσσαι.
439–40 σπασσάμενος ... / ... ἀποτμήξας: notice the lack of connective (“and”) between the two participles; this is called “asyndeton,” and is common in “rapid and lively descriptions” (Smyth 2166).
440 τῷ: “with it” (i.e., the sword), dative of means.
440 οἱ: “his,” dative of possession with κεφαλήν.
440 ἀποτμήξας: aor. ptc. > ἀποτμήγω, “to cut off.”
440 οὖδάσδε: “to the ground.” -δε is an enclitic that attaches to a noun (hence the two accents on the word).
440 πελάσσαι: “to bring it” (i.e., Eurylochus’s head), aor. infin., complementing μερμήριξα.
441 καὶ πηῷ περ ἐόντι μάλα σχεδόν: “even though he was a very close kinsman.”
441 πηῷ … ἐόντι: dat; agrees with the dative of possession οἱ in line 440. Eurylochus was married to Odysseus’s sister.
442: ἄλλοθεν ἄλλος: “on all sides.”
443 τοῦτον: Eurylochus.
443 ἐάσομεν: 1st pl. fut. > ἐάω, “to allow.”
444 αὐτοῦ: “here.”
444 μένειν … ἔρυσθαι: complementary infinitives with ἐάσομεν.
444 ἔρυσθαι: “to guard” > ἐρύομαι, mid. > ἐρύω.
445 ἡγεμόνευ(ε): “lead,” imperat., followed by the dative.
446 ἀνήϊον: 3rd pl. impf. > ἄνειμι, see εἶμι.
447 λέλειπτο: “was left,” 3rd sing. plupf. pass. > λείπω, translated as simple past (Smyth 1946, 1952).
449 τόφρα: “meanwhile.”
450 λοῦσέν: unaugmented aor. > λούω.
450 λίπ(α) ἐλαίῳ: "generously with oil," "with a generous amount of oil," a frequent formula in Homer (see 10.364).
451 a repetition of line 365.
451 ἀμφὶ: “around the men,” “around them.”
453 φράσσαντό: “perceived (each other),” 3rd pl. aor. mid. > φράζω; see LSJ φράζω II.4.
453 ἐσάντα: “face to face.”
454 κλαῖον: unaugmented impf. >κλαίω.
458 ὅσ(α): “how many,” neut. acc. pl.
458 πάθετ(ο): unaugmented aor. > πάσχω.
459 ὅσ(α) … ἐδηλήσαντ(ο): “how much harm … have done.” ὅσα is an internal (cognate) accusative (Monro 132; Smyth 1573).
461 εἰς ὅ: “until.”
461 κεν … λάβητε: general temporal clause (κεν / ἄν + subj.).
462 οἷον ὅτε: “such as when,” “of the sort (you had) when….” The antecedent of οἷον is θυμόν.
464 αἰὲν: “always.”
464 μεμνημένοι: ptc. > μιμνήσκω; takes a genitive.
464 οὐδέ ποθ᾽: “(there is) never.”
465 πέποσθε: 2nd pl. pf. mid. > πάσχω. For the "2nd pf." form, see Smyth 705.
466 ἡμῖν: dative of possession with θυμός.
467 τελεσφόρον εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν: “for a full year.”
469 ἔην: ἦν.
469 περὶ … ἔτραπον: “came around again,” “turned,” 3rd pl. aor., tmesis > περιτρέπω.
470 μηνῶν φθινόντων: genitive absolute.
470 περὶ … τελέσθη: “were brought to an end,” 3rd sing. aor. pass., tmesis > περιτελέω; singular verb with neuter plural subject. This line (with πόλλ᾽ ἐτελέσθη for μακρὰ τελέσθη) appears in Hesiod’s Theogony, line 69. It is omitted in some MS(S). of the Odyssey, and may be an interpolation from Hesiod.
472 μιμνήσκεο: imperat., with genitive.
473 σαωθῆναι: aor. pass. infin. ( > σώζω, “to save”)
vocabulary
ὦκα: quickly, swiftly, fast
Εὐρύλοχος –ου ὁ: Eurylochus, a cousin and companion of Odysseus
οἶος –α –ον: alone
ἐρυκανάω/ἐρύκω ἐρύξω ἔρυξα/ἤρυξα/ἐρύκακον/ἠρύκακον: to hold back, restrain, withhold
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
σφεῖς: they 430
φωνέω φωνήσω ἐφώνησα πεφώνηκα πεφώνημαι ἐφωνήθην: to make a sound, speak
πτερόεις πτερόεσσα πτερόεν: winged
προσαυδάω προσαυδήσω προσηύδησα προσηύδηκα προσηύδημαι προσηυδήθην: to speak to, address, accost
ἆ: ah!
δειλός –ή –όν: wretched, unfortunate, miserable; base, cowardly, vile
πόσε: whither?
ἱμείρω ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: to long for, yearn after, desire (+ gen.)
Κίρκη –ης ἡ: Circe, the enchantress, daughter of Helius, sister of Aeētes, dwelling in the isle of Aeaea
μέγαρον –ου τό: a large room, hall, feast-hall
καταβαίνω καταβήσομαι κατέβην καταβέβηκα ––– –––: step down, go down
ὗς (or σῦς) ὑός (or συός) ὁ/ἡ: swine, hog; (f.) sow
λύκος ὁ: wolf
λέων λέοντος ὁ: lion
ἕ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
δῶμα –ατος τό: house (often in plural)
Κύκλωψ –πος ὁ: Cyclops 435
ἔρδω ἔρξω ἔρξα ἔοργα ––– –––: to do
ἕ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
μέσαυλος –ου ὁ: the inner court, behind the αὐλή
ἱκνέομαι ἵξομαι ἱκόμην ––– ἷγμαι –––: to come, reach
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
θρασύς –εῖα –ύ: bold, rash
Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey
ἀτασθαλία –ας ἡ: recklessness, arrogance, foolishness
ὄλλυμι ὀλῶ ὤλεσα (or ὠλόμην) ὀλώλεκα (or ὄλωλα) ––– –––: to demolish, kill; to lose, suffer the loss of (+ acc.); (mid.) to die, perish, be killed
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet
φρήν φρενός ἡ: diaphragm; heart, mind, wits
μερμηρίζω μερμηρίξω ἐμερμήριξα: to ponder, wonder, stress over, debate, have it in mind
σπάω σπάσω ἔσπασα ἔσπακα ἔσπασμαι ἐσπάσθην: to pull, pull out, gather
τανυήκης –ες: with long point
ἄορ ἄορος τό: sword
παχύς –εῖα –ύ: thick, stout
μηρός –οῦ ὁ: the thigh
ἕ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself 440
ἀποπλήσσω ἀποπλήξω ἀπέπληξα ἀποπέπληγα: to strike off, disable in body
οὖδας –ους τό: the surface of the earth, the ground, earth
πελάζω πελάσω ἐπέλασα ––– ––– ἐπελάσθην: (trans.) to bring, carry, conduct (to an indicated place); (intrans.) to draw near, approach
πηός –οῦ ὁ: a kinsman by marriage
σχεδόν: near; almost
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
μειλίχιος [–α] –ον: gentle, mild, soothing
ἐρητύω ἐρητύσω ἐρητυσα: to keep back, restrain, check
ἄλλοθεν: from elsewhere
διογενής –ές: sprung from Zeus (epithet of Odysseus)
αὐτοῦ: at the very place, here, there
εἰρύω/ἐρύω ἐρύσω/ἐρύω εἴρυσα/ἔρυσα/ἔρυσσα εἴρυσα/ἔρυσα/ἔρυσσα –– –– εἰρύσθην: to pull, draw, drag; to guard
ἡγεμονεύω ἡγεμονεύσω ἡγεμόνευσα: to lead, guide, conduct 445
δῶμα –ατος τό: house (often in plural)
Κίρκη –ης ἡ: Circe, the enchantress, daughter of Helius, sister of Aeētes, dwelling in the isle of Aeaea
ἄνειμι: go up, reach; return
ἠδέ: and
Εὐρύλοχος –ου ὁ: Eurylochus, a cousin and companion of Odysseus
κοῖλος –η –ον: hollow
δείδω δείσομαι ἔδεισα δέδοικα (or δίδια) ––– –––: to fear
ἔκπαγλος –ον: terrible, fearful
ἐνιπή –ῆς ἡ: a rebuke, reproof
τόφρα: at that very moment, so long; tόφρα … ὄφρα, as long as … until
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
δῶμα –ατος τό: house (often in plural)
ἐνδυκέως: thoughtfully, carefully 450
λούω λούσομαι ἔλουσα λέλουμαι: to wash; (mid.) to wash myself, bathe
χρίω χρίσω ἔχρισα κέχρικα κέχριμαι ἐχρίσθην: to rub, anoint
λίπα: richly, plentifully, generously
ἔλαιον –ου τό: olive-oil
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
χλαῖνα –ης ἡ: cloak, mantle
οὖλος –η –ον: wooly, thick
ἠδέ: and
χιτών –ῶνος ὁ: inner garment
δαίνυμι δαίσω ἔδαισα: (act.) to give a banquet, distribute (food); (mid.) to share a meal; to feast (on), eat (+ acc.)
ἐφευρίσκω ἐφευρήσω ἔφηυρον ἐφηύρηκα ἐφηύρημαι ἐφηυρέθην: to light upon, discover
μέγαρον –ου τό: a large room, hall, feast-hall
εἰσάντα (or ἐσάντα): right opposite
κλαίω/κλάω κλαύσομαι/κλαήσω ἔκλαυσα ––– κέκλαυμαι/κέκλαυσμαι ἐκλαύσθην: weep, cry
ὀδύρομαι ὀδυροῦμαι ὠδυράμην ––– ––– κατωδύρθην/ὠδύρθην: grieve
στεναχίζω – – – – –: to sigh, groan, wail
δῶμα –ατος τό: house (often in plural)
ἄγχι: near 455
προσαυδάω προσαυδήσω προσηύδησα προσηύδηκα προσηύδημαι προσηυδήθην: to speak to, address, accost
δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining
θεά –ᾶς ἡ: goddess
μηκέτι: no more, no longer
θαλερός –ά –όν: blooming, fresh
γόος –ου ὁ: wailing, lamentation
ὄρνυμι ὄρσω ὦρσα ὄρωρα ὀρώρεμαι –––: to stir up, move; (mid.) to rise, get up
ἠμέν: both.. (and), as well.. (as)
πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea
ἄλγος –ους τό: pain
ἰχθυόεις –εσσα –εν: full of fish, fishy
ἠδέ: and
ἀνάρσιος –ον: unfriendly, hostile
δηλέομαι δηλήσομαι ἐδηλησάμην δεδήλημαι: to hurt, harm
χέρσος –ου ἡ: dry land, land
ἄγε: come! come on! well! 460
ἐσθίω ἔδομαι ἔφαγον ἐδήδοκα ἐδέδησμαι –––: to eat
βρώμη –ης ἡ: food
οἶνος –ου ὁ: wine
αὖθις: again, in turn
στῆθος –ους τό: breast, chest; (pl.) heart, spirit
πρώτιστος [–η] –ον: the very first, first of the first
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
τρηχύς –εῖα –ύ: rough
Ἰθάκη –ης ἡ: Ithaca, the home of Odysseus, an island on the West coast of Greece
ἀσκελής –ές: worn out
ἄθυμος –ον: discouraged, spiritless
ἄλη –ης ἡ: ceaseless wandering
εὐφροσύνη –ης ἡ: cheerfulness, joy, happiness 465
αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand
ἐπιπείθομαι ἐπιπείσομαι ἐπεπιθόμην – ἐπιπέπεισμαι ἐπεπείσθην: to be persuaded (to)
ἀγήνωρ –ορος: manly, courageous, heroic
ἦμαρ –ατος τό: day
τελεσφόρος –ον: complete, full
ἐνιαυτός –οῦ ὁ: anniversary, year
ἧμαι (or κάθημαι) ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: sit
δαίνυμι δαίσω ἔδαισα: (act.) to give a banquet, distribute (food); (mid.) to share a meal; to feast (on), eat (+ acc.)
κρέα κρεῶν τά: meat, piece of meat
ἄσπετος –ον: immense, abundant, infinite
μέθυ –υος τό: wine, mead
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
ἐνιαυτός –οῦ ὁ: year
ὥρα –ας ἡ: time, season, climate
μείς μηνός ὁ: month 470
φθί(ν)ω φθίσω έφθίκα ––– έφθιμαι έφθίμην: to decay, wane, dwindle
ἦμαρ –ατος τό: day
τελέω τελῶ or τελέσω ἐτέλεσα τετέλεκα τετέλεσμαι ἐτελέσθην: to finish, complete, carry out
ἐκκαλέω ἐκκαλέσω/ἐκκαλῶ ἐξεκάλεσα ἐκκέκληκα ἐκκέκλημαι ἐξεκλήθην: to call out, summon, call forth
ἐρίηρος –ον: faithful, devoted, trusty
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
δαιμόνιος [–α] –ον: of or belonging to a δαίμων; miraculous, marvelous
αἶα –ας ἡ: land
θέσφατος –ον: fated, decreed, ordained, appointed
ἱκνέομαι ἵξομαι ἱκόμην ––– ἷγμαι –––: to come, reach
ὑψόροφος –ον: high-roofed, high-ceiled
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district