"ὣς φάτο πειράζων, ἐμὲ δ᾽ οὐ λάθεν εἰδότα πολλά,

ἀλλά μιν ἄψορρον προσέφην δολίοις ἐπέεσσι·

‘νέα μέν μοι κατέαξε Ποσειδάων ἐνοσίχθων

πρὸς πέτρῃσι βαλὼν ὑμῆς ἐπὶ πείρασι γαίης,

ἄκρῃ προσπελάσας: ἄνεμος δ᾽ ἐκ πόντου ἔνεικεν·285

αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ σὺν τοῖσδε ὑπέκφυγον αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον.’

ὣς ἐφάμην, ὁ δέ μ᾽ οὐδὲν ἀμείβετο νηλέι θυμῷ,

ἀλλ᾽ ὅ γ᾽ ἀναΐξας ἑτάροις ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἴαλλε,

σὺν δὲ δύω μάρψας ὥς τε σκύλακας ποτὶ γαίῃ

κόπτ᾽· ἐκ δ᾽ ἐγκέφαλος χαμάδις ῥέε, δεῦε δὲ γαῖαν.290

τοὺς δὲ διὰ μελεϊστὶ ταμὼν ὡπλίσσατο δόρπον·

ἤσθιε δ᾽ ὥς τε λέων ὀρεσίτροφος, οὐδ᾽ ἀπέλειπεν,

ἔγκατά τε σάρκας τε καὶ ὀστέα μυελόεντα.

ἡμεῖς δὲ κλαίοντες ἀνεσχέθομεν Διὶ χεῖρας,

σχέτλια ἔργ᾽ ὁρόωντες, ἀμηχανίη δ᾽ ἔχε θυμόν.295

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ Κύκλωψ μεγάλην ἐμπλήσατο νηδὺν

ἀνδρόμεα κρέ᾽ ἔδων καὶ ἐπ᾽ ἄκρητον γάλα πίνων,

κεῖτ᾽ ἔντοσθ᾽ ἄντροιο τανυσσάμενος διὰ μήλων.

τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ βούλευσα κατὰ μεγαλήτορα θυμὸν

ἆσσον ἰών, ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ,300

οὐτάμεναι πρὸς στῆθος, ὅθι φρένες ἧπαρ ἔχουσι,

χείρ᾽ ἐπιμασσάμενος: ἕτερος δέ με θυμὸς ἔρυκεν.

αὐτοῦ γάρ κε καὶ ἄμμες ἀπωλόμεθ᾽ αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον·

οὐ γάρ κεν δυνάμεσθα θυράων ὑψηλάων

χερσὶν ἀπώσασθαι λίθον ὄβριμον, ὃν προσέθηκεν.305

ὣς τότε μὲν στενάχοντες ἐμείναμεν Ἠῶ δῖαν.

ἦμος δ᾽ ἠριγένεια φάνη ῥοδοδάκτυλος Ἠώς,

καὶ τότε πῦρ ἀνέκαιε καὶ ἤμελγε κλυτὰ μῆλα,

πάντα κατὰ μοῖραν, καὶ ὑπ᾽ ἔμβρυον ἧκεν ἑκάστῃ.

αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ σπεῦσε πονησάμενος τὰ ἃ ἔργα,310

σὺν δ᾽ ὅ γε δὴ αὖτε δύω μάρψας ὡπλίσσατο δεῖπνον.

δειπνήσας δ᾽ ἄντρου ἐξήλασε πίονα μῆλα,

ῥηιδίως ἀφελὼν θυρεὸν μέγαν· αὐτὰρ ἔπειτα

ἂψ ἐπέθηχ᾽, ὡς εἴ τε φαρέτρῃ πῶμ᾽ ἐπιθείη.

πολλῇ δὲ ῥοίζῳ πρὸς ὄρος τρέπε πίονα μῆλα315

Κύκλωψ: αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ λιπόμην κακὰ βυσσοδομεύων,

εἴ πως τισαίμην, δοίη δέ μοι εὖχος Ἀθήνη.

    Polyphemus makes meals of the comrades of Odysseus

    Polyphemus asks about the location of the Greeks’ ship, “trying [the hero] out” (281). In response, Odysseus launches his campaign to outmaneuver the Cyclops with δολίοις ἐπέεσσι, “crafty words,” concocting a story about how Poseidon drove the ship onto the rocks, destroying it. Here, for the first extended period in the poem, we see Odysseus having to rely only on his wits to triumph against overwhelming physical force. 

    Read full essay

    We are reminded that the Odyssey offers a fundamentally different perspective on the hero from the one we find in the Iliad, where the hero’s power is almost always expressed physically. We may be horrified by Achilles’ excesses in pursuit of Hector, but we do not question his claim to be the best warrior, the epitome of masculine force. Odysseus has his moments of martial prowess in the poem, principally the slaughter of the suitors, but his renown is based on intelligence and the ability to get the best of his opponents through wily deception. And if we have given assent to the primary premise of the Odyssey, the overriding need for the restoration of the hero to his proper place, we are ready not only to approve of Odysseus’ deceptions, but even to cheer him on (see Introduction, para. 6-7). Such attitudes are repugnant to Achilles, the Iliad’s major hero, as he says in reply to Odysseus:

    "ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος ὁμῶς Ἀΐδαο πύλῃσιν
    ὅς χ᾽ ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ."

    "Hateful to me like the gates of Hades is that man
    who hides one thing in his heart and says another."

    Iliad 9.312–13

    In the Iliad, Western literature’s first tragic narrative, words and deeds are seen as irrevocable; in a comic narrative, lies and deception, essentially revocable deeds, are fine, as long as they help to restore right order, however the story defines it.

    We see these distinctions dramatized in Odysseus’ deliberations over the sleeping Cyclops:

    τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ βούλευσα κατὰ μεγαλήτορα θυμὸν
    ἆσσον ἰών, ξίφος ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ,
    οὐτάμεναι πρὸς στῆθος, ὅθι φρένες ἧπαρ ἔχουσι,
    χείρ᾽ ἐπιμασσάμενος:

    Drawing near to him, I considered whether I
    should draw my sharp sword from beside my thigh
    and stab him in the chest, where the midriff meets the liver,
    feeling for the right place with my hand.

    Odyssey 9.299–302

    Achilles, provoked by Agamemnon’s insults, reaches a similar moment of decision:

    ὣς φάτο: Πηλεΐωνι δ᾽ ἄχος γένετ᾽, ἐν δέ οἱ ἦτορ
    στήθεσσιν λασίοισι διάνδιχα μερμήριξεν,
    ἢ ὅ γε φάσγανον ὀξὺ ἐρυσσάμενος παρὰ μηροῦ
    τοὺς μὲν ἀναστήσειεν, ὃ δ᾽ Ἀτρεΐδην ἐναρίζοι,
    ἦε χόλον παύσειεν ἐρητύσειέ τε θυμόν.

    So [Agamemnon] spoke. Anger came to Peleus’s son, and his heart
    was divided in his shaggy breast, as to whether
    drawing his sharp sword from beside his thigh
    he should scatter them all, and kill the son of Atreus,
    or check his wrath and restrain his spirit.

    Iliad 1.188–92

    Anger overrules caution in Achilles, as it usually does, and Athena must intervene to keep him from slaughtering Agamemnon. Not so Odysseus, whose own self-control prompts the recognition that the Greeks will be trapped in the cave if they kill the monster.

    The true horror of their situation now settles on the captive Greeks, as Polyphemus performs a grotesque parody of the standard meal preparation sequence in the poem, of which Nestor and his family, model hosts, provide a good example (3.447–64). First, the slaughter of the animal whose meat will supply the main course:

    αὐτὰρ ἐπεί ῥ᾽ εὔξαντο καὶ οὐλοχύτας προβάλοντο,
    αὐτίκα Νέστορος υἱὸς ὑπέρθυμος Θρασυμήδης
    ἤλασεν ἄγχι στάς: πέλεκυς δ᾽ ἀπέκοψε τένοντας
    αὐχενίους, λῦσεν δὲ βοὸς μένος. αἱ δ᾽ ὀλόλυξαν
    θυγατέρες τε νυοί τε καὶ αἰδοίη παράκοιτις
    Νέστορος, Εὐρυδίκη, πρέσβα Κλυμένοιο θυγατρῶν.

    But when they had prayed and scattered barley
    then Thrasymedes, the high-hearted son of Nestor
    drew near and struck. The axe chopped through the neck
    tendons and unstrung the cow’s strength. The daughters
    and daughters-in-law and Eurydice, dear wife of Nestor,
    eldest daughter of Klymenos, all cried out.

    Odyssey 3.447–52

    For his victims, Polyphemus grabs two sailors and smashes their brains out “like puppies” (9.289). In place of the ritual shouting in Pylos, we hear the other Greeks cry out in horror; instead of the careful division of the cow at Nestor’s meal, some of it set aside, wrapped in fat for the gods, πάντα κατὰ μοῖραν, “all according to proper order” (3.457), some of it put on spits for humans to eat, followed by ritual libations, Polyphemus gets right down to business, chopping up the Greeks and gobbling down every last bit, washing it down with some of his goat’s milk.

    The eerie echoes of polite hospitality keep us from dismissing the monster’s way of living as mere savagery. The next morning, Polyphemus rises to begin another day, starting a fire, milking his animals, making a meal from two more sailors, πάντα κατὰ μοῖραν, “all according to proper order” (309), moving the stone and driving his flocks out of the cave, which he then seals up again, like a man capping his quiver. As the punctilious shepherd recedes whistling into the distance, the noble hero is left inside to brood, contemplating murder.

     

    Further Reading

    Thalmann, W. 1992. The Odyssey: An Epic of Return, 90–93. New York: Twayne Publishers.

     

    281  ἐμὲ δ᾽ οὐ λάθεν: “it did not escape my notice,” aor. > λανθάνω + acc., “to escape the notice of.”

    281  εἰδότα:  perf. ptc. acc. masc. sing., agreeing with ἐμὲ. πολλά is its direct object.

    282 ἄψορρον: “in answer.”

    283  νέα … μοι: νέα = Att. ναῦς, acc. sing. > νῆυς. μοι is a dative of possession.

    284  ὑμῆς: = Att. ὑμετέρης.

    285  ἄκρῃ: “promontory,” dat., after προσπελάζω, “to cause something (τι) to approach something else (τινι).” See LSJ πρός B.3.

    285  ἔνεικεν: "bore (the ship) along," aor. 3rd sing. = Att. ἤνεγκε, LSJ φέρω A.II.

    285  ἐκ πόντου: “from the open sea.”

    288  ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἴαλλε: “laid hands upon,” “grabbed.” tmesis (separation of the preposition and verb in a compound verb) > ἐπιάλλω.

    288  ἑτάροις ( = Att. ἑταίροις) dat., with a compound verb (Smyth 1544–45).

    289  σὺν: “together,” “at the same time” (adverbial).

    289  δύω: = δύο, direct object of μάρψας.

    289  ποτὶ: = πρὸς.

    290  κόπτ(ε): = ἔκοπτε.

    290  ἐκ … ῥέε: ἐκ can be taken as adverbial (“out”) or as tmesis > ἐκρέω; as usual, the augment is omitted.

    290  δεῦε: ἔδευε > δεύω, “to wet.”

    291  διὰ: tmesis with ταμὼν > διατέμνω.

    292  οὐδ᾽ ἀπέλειπεν: “and he didn’t leave off,” that is, he didn’t leave anything uneaten.

    297  ἐπ(ί): “on the side,” “to go with it,” adverbial, or tmesis with πίνων > ἐπιπίνω, “drink up, drink dry.”

    298  κεῖτ᾽: impf., = Att. ἔκειτο.

    298  διὰ  “in the midst of.”

    299  τὸν: αὐτόν (Monro 256).

    299  μὲν ἐγὼ βούλευσα: “I was determined to,” governing the infinitive οὐτάμεναι in line 301. μέν looks forward to ἕτερος δέ με θυμὸς ἔρυκεν in 302.

    300  παρὰ: “from beside.”

    301  οὐτάμεναι: aor. act. infin. > οὐτάω, governed by βούλευσα in 299.

    301  πρὸς: "against (with hostile intent)" + acc., LSJ πρός C.I.4.

    301  ὅθι … ἔχουσι: “where the midriff holds the liver.”

    301  φρένες (regularly pl., LSJ φρήν I) means the diaphragm and ribcage area, where the liver is located.

    302  χείρ᾽ ἐπιμασσάμενος: χείρ᾽ = χείρι, dative of means. 

    302 ἐπιμασσάμενος: aor. ptc. > ἐπιμαίομαι, “feeling for it (i.e. the vital spot) with my hand.”

    302  ἕτερος δέ … θυμὸς: “but a different thought”

    303  αὐτοῦ: “there,” “in that place.”

    303  κε … ἀπωλόμεθ(α): “for we would have died.” κε (ἄν) + aor. indic., expressing past unrealized potential, also known as the "hypothetical indicative" (Goodell 461.c).

    303  ἄμμες: nom. personal pron. = ἡμεῖς.

    303  αἰπὺν ὄλεθρον: internal, or cognate, acc., "(we would have died) a hard death."

    304  οὐ ... κεν δυνάμεσθα: “we would not be able,” κεν + impf. (augment omitted), indicating unrealized present potential (Goodell 461.c).

    304  θυράων: “from the doorway,” genitive of separation (Goodell 509).

    305  χερσὶν: dative of means.

    306  ὣς: “this way,” with ἐμείναμεν.

    309  κατὰ μοῖραν: "in order" (see LSJ μοῖρα IV).

    309  ἔμβρυον: “her young,” “a lamb.”

    309  ὑπ᾽… ἧκεν: tmesis > ὑφίημι, "to place under."

    310  : “his,” possessive adj. > ὅς, ἥ, ὅν, see LSJ ὅς at the very end.

    311  ὅ γε δὴ αὖτε: “he once again….” For the first half of the line (σὺν … μάρψας), compare line 289; for the second half of the line (ὁπλίσσατο δεῖπνον), compare line 291.

    312  ἄντρου: “out of the cave,” genitive after the ἐξ- in ἐξήλασε (Goodell 509).

    313  ῥηιδίως: ῥᾳδίως, “easily.”

    313  ἀφελὼν: “removing,” aor. 2 ptc. > ἀφαιρέω.

    314  ἂψ ἐπέθηχ᾽: “he put it back.”

    314  ἐπέθηχ’: = ἐπέθηκε, 3rd sing. aor. > ἐπιτίθημι.

    314  ὡς εἴ … ἐπιθείη: “as he might put … on …,” “like putting … on …,” a combination of a comparison (ὡς ) and condition (εἴ) with optative.

    316  λιπόμην: mid. in pass. sense, "I was left behind," LSJ λείπω B.I.a.

    317  εἴ…: “on the chance that I might…,” “in the hope that I might,” εἴ + opt., related to an optative of wish (Smyth 2354).

    πειράζω πειράξω πείρασον ἐπειράσθην: to test, tempt

    μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it

    ἄψορρος –ον: backward; (adv.) in response

    πρόσφημι πρόσφησω προσέφησα: to speak to, address

    δόλιος –α –ον: crafty, deceitful, treacherous

    κατάγνυμι κατάξω κατέαξα – κατέαγμαι κατήχθην: to break in pieces, shatter, shiver, crack

    Ποσειδῶν –ῶνος ὁ: Poseidon

    ἐνοσίχθων –ονος ὁ: Earth-shaker (epithet of Poseidon)

    πέτρη –ης ἡ: rock, cliffs, shelf of rock

    ὑμός –ή –όν: your

    πεῖραρ –ατος τό: border, limit

    γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district

    ἄκρη -ης ἡ: promontory, cape

    προσπελάζω προσπελάσω προσεπέλασα ––– ––– προσεπελάσθην: to make to approach, bring near to

    ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind

    πόντος –ου ὁ: sea, open sea 285

    ἀτάρ: but, yet

    ὑπεκφεύγω ὑπεκφεύξομαι ὑπεκέφυγον ὑπεκπέφευγα ––– –––: escape

    αἰπύς –εῖα –ύ: steep; total

    ὄλεθρος –ου ὁ: ruin, destruction, death

    ἀμείβω ἀμείψω ἤμειψα ἤμειφα ἤμειμμαι ἠμείφθην: to respond, answer; to exchange; (mid.) to take turns, alternate

    νηλής –ές: pitiless, ruthless

    ἀναΐσσω/ἀνᾴσσω/ἀνᾴττω ἀνᾴξω ἀνῇξα: to start up, rise quickly

    ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion

    ἰάλλω ἰαλῶ ἴηλα ––– ––– –––: to throw, hurl, fling

    μάρπτω μάρψω ἔμαρψα ––– ––– –––: to catch, lay hold of, seize

    σκύλαξ –ακος ὁ/ἡ: a young dog, whelp, puppy

    κόπτω κόψω ἔκοψα κέκοφα κέκομμαι ἐκόπην: to beat, strike, hit

    ἐγκέφαλος –ου ὁ: that which is within the head, the brain

    χαμάδις: to the ground, on the ground

    ῥέω ῥυήσομαι ––– ἐρρύηκα ––– ἐρρύην: flow, run, stream

    δεύω δεύσω ἔδευσα ––– δέδευμαι ἐδεύθην: to wet, drench 290

    γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district

    διατέμνω aor. διέταμον: to cut through

    μελειστί: limb from limb

    ὁπλίζω ὁπλίσομαι ὥπλισα ὥπλικα ὥπλισμαι ὡπλίσθην: to equip, make ready; to arm

    δόρπον –ου τό: the evening meal

    ἐσθίω ἔδομαι ἔφαγον ἐδήδοκα ἐδέδησμαι –––: to eat

    λέων λέοντος ὁ: lion

    ὀρεσίτροφος –ον: mountain-bred

    ἀπολείπω ἀπολείψω ἀπέλιπον ἀπολέλοιπα ἀπολέλειμμαι ἀπελείφθην: to leave off, stop; depart

    ἔγκατα –ων τά: the innards, entrails, bowels

    σάρξ σαρκός ἡ: flesh

    ὀστέον –ου τό: a bone

    μυελόεις –εσσα –εν: full of marrow

    κλαίω/κλάω κλαύσομαι/κλαήσω ἔκλαυσα ––– κέκλαυμαι/κέκλαυσμαι ἐκλαύσθην: weep, cry

    ἀνέχω ἀνέξω (or ἀνσχήσω) ἀνέσχον ἀνέσχηκα ––– –––: raise up

    Ζεύς Διός ὁ: Zeus

    σχέτλιος –α –ον: strong, unwearying; stubborn, cruel, merciless

    ἀμηχανία –ας ἡ: powerlessness, helplessness, desperation 295

    Κύκλωψ –πος ὁ: Cyclops

    ἐμπίμπλημι ἐμπλήσω ἐνέπλησα ἐμπέπληκα ἐμπέπλησμαι ἐωεπλήθην: to fill

    νηδύς –ύος ἡ: the stomach

    ἀνδρόμεος –α –ον: of man

    κρέας κρέως and κρέατος, gen. pl. κρειῶν, τό: meat, piece of meat

    ἔδω ἔδομαι ἤδα ἔδηδα ἐδήδοται ἠδέσθην: to eat

    ἄκρᾱτος –ον (Ion. ἄκρητος): unmixed; sheer

    γάλα –ακτος τό: milk

    ἔντοσθε: (from) within

    ἄντρον –ου τό: a cave, cavern

    τανύω τανύσω ἐτάνυσα – τετάνυσμαι ἐτανύσθην: to stretch, extend, lie (in a geographical sense)

    μῆλον –ου τό: sheep or goat

    μεγαλήτωρ –ορος: great-hearted, proud

    ἆσσον: nearer, very near

    ξίφος –ους τό: sword

    εἰρύω/ἐρύω ἐρύσω/ἐρύω εἴρυσα/ἔρυσα/ἔρυσσα εἴρυσα/ἔρυσα/ἔρυσσα –– –– εἰρύσθην: to pull, draw, drag

    μηρός –οῦ ὁ: the thigh 300

    οὐτάω οὐτήσω οὔτησα – οὔτασμαι οὐτήθην: to wound, hurt, hit

    στῆθος –ους τό: breast, chest; (pl.) heart, spirit

    ὅθι: where

    φρήν φρενός ἡ: diaphragm; heart, mind, wits

    ἧπαρ –ατος τό: the liver

    ἐπιμαίομαι ἐπιμάσσομαι ἐπεμασσάμην: to seek (by hand), feel for, palpate

    ἐρύκω ἐρύξω ἔρυξα/ἤρυξα/ἐρύκακον/ἠρύκακον: to keep in, hold back, keep in check, curb, restrain

    αὐτοῦ: at the very place, here, there

    αἰπύς –εῖα –ύ: steep; total

    ὄλεθρος –ου ὁ: ruin, destruction, death

    θύρα –ας ἡ: door

    ὑψηλός –ή –όν: high, lofty, high-hearted

    ἀπωθέω ἀπώσω ἀπέωσα ἀπέωκα ἀπέωσμαι ἀπεώσθην: to thrust away, push back

    ὄβριμος [–α] –ον: strong, mighty; (of things) heavy 305

    στενάχω ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: to sigh, groan, wail

    ἠώς ἠοῦς ἡ: dawn

    δῖος –α –ον: divine, godlike, shining

    ἦμος: when, while

    ἠριγένεια –ας ἡ: early-born, child of morn

    ῥοδοδάκτυλος –ον: rosy-fingered

    ἠώς ἠοῦς ἡ: dawn

    ἀνακαίω ἀνακαίσω ἀνέκαυσα: to light up

    ἀμέλγω ἀμέλξω ἤμελξα: to milk

    κλuτός –ή –όν: illustrious, glorious

    μῆλον –ου τό: sheep or goat

    μοῖρα –ας ἡ: part, portion, lot, fate

    ἔμβρυον –ου τό: a young one, new-born lamb; embryo

    ἀτάρ: but, yet

    σπεύδω σπεύσω ἔσπευσα ἔσπευκα ἔσπευσμαι ἔσπευθην: to hurry; to strive, do one's utmost

    πονέω πονέσω/πονήσω ἐπόνεσα/ἐπόνησα πεπόνηκα πεπόνημαι ἐπονήθην: to work; to labor over, prepare 310

    αὖτε: again

    μάρπτω μάρψω ἔμαρψα ––– ––– –––: to catch, lay hold of, seize

    ὁπλίζω ὁπλίσομαι ὥπλισα ὥπλικα ὥπλισμαι ὡπλίσθην: to equip, make ready; to arm

    δεῖπνον –ου τό: meal, supper

    δειπνέω δειπνήσω ἐδείπνησα δεδείπνηκα δεδείπνημαι ἐδειπνήθην: eat (dinner)

    ἄντρον –ου τό: a cave, cavern

    ἐξελαύνω ἐξελῶ ἐξήλασα ἐξελήλακα ἐξελήλαμαι ἐξηλάθην: to drive out, lead away

    πίων –ονος ὁ/ἡ: fat, plump; rich, opulent

    μῆλον –ου τό: sheep or goat

    θυρεός –οῦ ὁ: a stone put against a door

    ἄψ: back

    ἐπιτίθημι ἐπιθήσω ἐπέθηκα ἐπιτέθηκα ––– ἐπετέθην: to lay/put upon, set up, apply oneself

    φαρέτρα –ας ἡ: a quiver

    πῶμα –ατος τό: a lid, cover

    ἐπιτίθημι ἐπιθήσω ἐπέθηκα ἐπιτέθηκα ––– ἐπετέθην: lay/put upon, set up, apply oneself

    ῥοῖζος –ου ἡ: a whistling 315

    βυσσοδομεύω – – – – –: to scheme, plot

    τίνω τείσω ἔτεισα/ἔτισα τέτεικα/τέτικα τέτεισμαι/τέτισμαι ἐτείσθην/ἐτίσθην: to pay, pay for, atone; (mid.) to make pay, punish, avenge oneself 

    εὖχος –ους τό: the thing prayed for, object of prayer; glory

    Ἀθήνη –ης ἡ: Athena

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    Suggested Citation

    Thomas Van Nortwick and Rob Hardy, Homer: Odyssey 5–12. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2024. ISBN: 978-1-947822-17-7 https://dcc.dickinson.edu/homer-odyssey/ix-281-317