μνηστῆρες δʼ ὁμάδησαν ἀνὰ μέγαρα σκιόεντα,365

πάντες δʼ ἠρήσαντο παραὶ λεχέεσσι κλιθῆναι.

τοῖσι δὲ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἤρχετο μύθων·

μητρὸς ἐμῆς μνηστῆρες ὑπέρβιον ὕβριν ἔχοντες,

νῦν μὲν δαινύμενοι τερπώμεθα, μηδὲ βοητὺς

ἔστω, ἐπεὶ τόδε καλὸν ἀκουέμεν ἐστὶν ἀοιδοῦ370

τοιοῦδʼ οἷος ὅδʼ ἐστί, θεοῖς ἐναλίγκιος αὐδήν.

ἠῶθεν δʼ ἀγορήνδε καθεζώμεσθα κιόντες

πάντες, ἵνʼ ὕμιν μῦθον ἀπηλεγέως ἀποείπω,

ἐξιέναι μεγάρων· ἄλλας δʼ ἀλεγύνετε δαῖτας,

ὑμὰ κτήματʼ ἔδοντες, ἀμειβόμενοι κατὰ οἴκους.375

εἰ δʼ ὕμιν δοκέει τόδε λωίτερον καὶ ἄμεινον

ἔμμεναι, ἀνδρὸς ἑνὸς βίοτον νήποινον ὀλέσθαι,

κείρετʼ· ἐγὼ δὲ θεοὺς ἐπιβώσομαι αἰὲν ἐόντας,

αἴ κέ ποθι Ζεὺς δῷσι παλίντιτα ἔργα γενέσθαι·

νήποινοί κεν ἔπειτα δόμων ἔντοσθεν ὄλοισθε.380

ὣς ἔφαθʼ, οἱ δʼ ἄρα πάντες ὀδὰξ ἐν χείλεσι φύντες

Τηλέμαχον θαύμαζον, ὃ θαρσαλέως ἀγόρευεν.

τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Ἀντίνοος προσέφη, Εὐπείθεος υἱός·

Τηλέμαχʼ, ἦ μάλα δή σε διδάσκουσιν θεοὶ αὐτοὶ

ὑψαγόρην τʼ ἔμεναι καὶ θαρσαλέως ἀγορεύειν·385

μὴ σέ γʼ ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ βασιλῆα Κρονίων

ποιήσειεν, ὅ τοι γενεῇ πατρώιόν ἐστιν.

τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·

Ἀντίνοʼ, ἦ καί μοι νεμεσήσεαι ὅττι κεν εἴπω;

καί κεν τοῦτʼ ἐθέλοιμι Διός γε διδόντος ἀρέσθαι.390

ἦ φῂς τοῦτο κάκιστον ἐν ἀνθρώποισι τετύχθαι;

οὐ μὲν γάρ τι κακὸν βασιλευέμεν· αἶψά τέ οἱ δῶ

ἀφνειὸν πέλεται καὶ τιμηέστερος αὐτός.

ἀλλʼ ἦ τοι βασιλῆες Ἀχαιῶν εἰσὶ καὶ ἄλλοι

πολλοὶ ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ, νέοι ἠδὲ παλαιοί,395

τῶν κέν τις τόδʼ ἔχῃσιν, ἐπεὶ θάνε δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς·

αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν οἴκοιο ἄναξ ἔσομʼ ἡμετέροιο

καὶ δμώων, οὕς μοι ληίσσατο δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς.

τὸν δʼ αὖτʼ Εὐρύμαχος Πολύβου πάϊς ἀντίον ηὔδα·

Τηλέμαχʼ, ἦ τοι ταῦτα θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται,400

ὅς τις ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ βασιλεύσει Ἀχαιῶν·

κτήματα δʼ αὐτὸς ἔχοις καὶ δώμασιν σοῖσιν ἀνάσσοις.

μὴ γὰρ ὅ γʼ ἔλθοι ἀνὴρ ὅς τίς σʼ ἀέκοντα βίηφιν

κτήματʼ ἀπορραίσεἰʼ, Ἰθάκης ἔτι ναιετοώσης.

ἀλλʼ ἐθέλω σε, φέριστε, περὶ ξείνοιο ἐρέσθαι,405

ὁππόθεν οὗτος ἀνήρ, ποίης δʼ ἐξ εὔχεται εἶναι

γαίης, ποῦ δέ νύ οἱ γενεὴ καὶ πατρὶς ἄρουρα.

ἠέ τινʼ ἀγγελίην πατρὸς φέρει ἐρχομένοιο,

ἦ ἑὸν αὐτοῦ χρεῖος ἐελδόμενος τόδʼ ἱκάνει;

οἷον ἀναΐξας ἄφαρ οἴχεται, οὐδʼ ὑπέμεινε410

γνώμεναι· οὐ μὲν γάρ τι κακῷ εἰς ὦπα ἐῴκει.

τὸν δʼ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα·

Εὐρύμαχʼ, ἦ τοι νόστος ἀπώλετο πατρὸς ἐμοῖο·

οὔτʼ οὖν ἀγγελίῃ ἔτι πείθομαι, εἴ ποθεν ἔλθοι,

οὔτε θεοπροπίης ἐμπάζομαι, ἥν τινα μήτηρ415

ἐς μέγαρον καλέσασα θεοπρόπον ἐξερέηται.

ξεῖνος δʼ οὗτος ἐμὸς πατρώιος ἐκ Τάφου ἐστίν,

Μέντης δʼ Ἀγχιάλοιο δαΐφρονος εὔχεται εἶναι

υἱός, ἀτὰρ Ταφίοισι φιληρέτμοισιν ἀνάσσει.

ὣς φάτο Τηλέμαχος, φρεσὶ δʼ ἀθανάτην θεὸν ἔγνω.420

    Telemachus is stirring now and shows his newfound confidence in a brisk exchange with the suitors who, fueled by lust for the queen, are filling the hall with their characteristic din.

    read full essay

    He tells them to hold down the noise so they can hear Phemius while they dine, then summons them to an assembly the next morning. He will have a blunt message for them then, he says: Go home and eat up somebody else’s food, perhaps trading off the hosting duties. If they keep devouring his household νήποινον, “without compensation,” (377) he will call on the gods to exact punishment. Then, a flourish of sarcastic wordplay and a prophetic wish:

    νήποινοί κεν ἔπειτα δόμων ἔντοσθεν ὄλοισθε.

    May you die then in this house, with no compensation.

    Odyssey 1.380

    Like Penelope, the suitors are amazed at Telemachus’s assertiveness. The poet now introduces the two leaders of the suitors, Antinous and Eurymachus, who will be his—and his father’s—principal antagonists. Antinous answers Telemachus’s sarcasm with some of his own: Surely the gods must have taught him how to be so high and mighty. Here’s hoping Zeus doesn’t arrange for him to be the ruler of Ithaka, though to be sure, the position would be part of his inheritance from his father (γενεῇ πατρώιόν, 387). The offhand tone of this last remark suggests that Antinous would rather not remind Telemachus of his inheritance, but now that the prince has stepped up, the murky question of succession inevitably arises. (see above, 23). He addresses it head-on in his reply: 

    τὸν δ᾽ αὖ Τηλέμαχος πεπνυμένος ἀντίον ηὔδα:
    ‘Ἀντίνο᾽, ἦ καί μοι νεμεσήσεαι ὅττι κεν εἴπω;
    καὶ κεν τοῦτ᾽ ἐθέλοιμι Διός γε διδόντος ἀρέσθαι.
    ἦ φῂς τοῦτο κάκιστον ἐν ἀνθρώποισι τετύχθαι;
    οὐ μὲν γάρ τι κακὸν βασιλευέμεν: αἶψά τέ οἱ δῶ
    ἀφνειὸν πέλεται καὶ τιμηέστερος αὐτός.
    ἀλλ᾽ ἦ τοι βασιλῆες Ἀχαιῶν εἰσὶ καὶ ἄλλοι
    πολλοὶ ἐν ἀμφιάλῳ Ἰθάκῃ, νέοι ἠδὲ παλαιοί,
    τῶν κέν τις τόδ᾽ ἔχῃσιν, ἐπεὶ θάνε δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς:
    αὐτὰρ ἐγὼν οἴκοιο ἄναξ ἔσομ᾽ ἡμετέροιο
    καὶ δμώων, οὕς μοι ληίσσατο δῖος Ὀδυσσεύς.

    Telemachus answered him thoughtfully: 
    “Antinous, though you might be offended at what I say, 
    I would be happy to accept the crown if Zeus should offer it. 
    Do you think it’s the worst thing that could happen to a man? 
    Surely it is not so bad to be king. Quickly the house 
    is filled with prosperity, and the king himself has more honor. 
    But there are many other Achaean princes,  
    in seagirt Ithaka, both young and old, and one of these 
    might seize the crown when brilliant Odysseus dies. 
    But I will be the ruler of my own household 
    and servants, whom brilliant Odysseus won for me by force.”

    Odyssey 1.388–98

    Telemachus speaks with authority, clearly marking the limits of his own control over people and events, and by implication, that of the suitors. If the gods should offer him the kingship, he would happily accept; if not, the island is full of other worthy candidates; in neither case do the suitors have an obvious claim. In any event—and here his tone is defiant—he will control his own household, a warning shot across the suitors’ bow. He addresses the suitors as peers, not as a boy among men, reflecting with insouciant detachment on the nature and promise of kingship: being king is not the worst thing that could happen to a man. The tentative boy Athena found surrounded by his potential enemies has been replaced by a young man who knows that he is destined—and required—somehow to take control of his household in his father’s absence.

    Telemachus has thrown down some markers and Eurymachus now steps in to defuse the incipient conflict. Who will become king is, as Telemachus says, up to the gods to decide. No one would dream of disputing his right to control his household! That this seeming concession to Telemachus’s authority is illusory is clear enough from the suitors’ later plot to murder him. For now, however, it suits Eurymachus to bide his time while events unfold. At verse 405, he changes the subject abruptly to ask about the mysterious guest: Who is he? Where is he from? What did he want and why did he disappear so abruptly? Eurymachus has observed how attentive Telemachus has been to Mentes and perhaps feels threatened. Telemachus, though he senses that “Mentes” was a god in disguise (323–24; 420), plays it straight in his response, perhaps sensing that now is not the time to draw any further lines in the sand. He reaffirms that he is sure his father is dead, something we have heard from him before, though we at least might suspect that Athena’s influence might be pushing him away from certainty. In any event, there is nothing to worry about: Mentes was just an old friend of his father’s, king of the Taphians.

     

    Further Reading 

    Van Nortwick, T. 2008. The Unknown Odysseus: Alternate Worlds in Homer’s Odyssey, 4. n4. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

     

    366  παραὶ λεχέεσσι κλιθῆναι: παραί (παρά), adverbial (“by her side”), goes with κλιθῆναι, with λεχέεσσι added as a dative of place (Smyth 1531a).

    369  βοητύς: = βοή.

    370  τόδε καλὸν ἀκουέμεν ἐστὶν: καλὸν is predicate, with an explanatory (epexegetic) infinitive ἀκουέμεν defining καλὸν. In translation, the infinitive can be preceded by “namely…” (Monro 234.2 and 258)

    371  αὐδήν: accusative of respect.

    374  ἐξιέναι μεγάρων: the infinitive may be explanatory (epexegetic), defining μῦθον, or it may be an infinitive used as an imperative, a possibility suggested by the imperative ἀλεγύνετε which follows in the second half of the line.

    374  ἀλεγύνετε: see LSJ ἀλεγύνω.

    375  ἀμειβόμενοι κατὰ οἴκους: “alternating among your houses” in a progressive feast (an ἔρανος), rather than feasting solely at Telemachus’s house on his provisions. 

    378  ἐπιβώσομαι: = ἐπιβοήσομαι > ἐπιβοάω.

    379  αἴ κέ: = ἐάν, introducing the protasis of a future more vivid condition, or “on the chance that” (Smyth 2354).

    379  δῷσι: 3rd sing. aor. act.subj. > δίδωμι.

    380  κεν … ὄλοισθε: potential opt.

    381  ὀδὰξ ἐν χείλεσι φύντες: see LSJ ἐμφύω II.2, which assumes that ἐν … φύντες is a case of tmesis.

    382  : “because” (Smyth 2240a).

    384  ἦ μάλα δή: see LSJ μάλα I.2. ἦ δή expresses “lively surprise” (Smyth 2865), and μάλα makes the expression of surprise even more emphatic.

    386  μὴ … / ποιήσειεν: negative optative of wish.

    387  τοι: dative of possession > σύ.

    387  γενεῇ: dative of means.

    387  πατρώιόν: pred.

    389  ἦ καί: indicates an “animated question” (Smyth 2865).

    389  νεμεσήσεαι: 2nd sing. fut. mid. indic. > νεμεσάω, with active sense and dative object (LSJ νεμεσάω II.2).

    390  τοῦτ(ο): i.e., to be ruler of Ithaca.

    390  Διός γε διδόντος: genitive absolute (Monro 246), with a conditional force.

    391  τετύχθαι: in the perfect and pluperfect passive, the verb can be the equivalent of εἶναι (LSJ τεύχω ΙΙΙ).

    392  οἱ: dat. pers. pron., standing in for βασιλῆι.

    392  δῶ: shortened epic form of δῶμα, only present in the nominative and accusative (LSJ δῶ)

    396  τῶν: rel. pron., partitive gen., with τις.

    396  τόδ(ε): i.e., the kingship of Ithaca.

    396  ἔχῃσιν: 3rd sing. pres. act. subj., in a future more vivid conditional relative clause. According to Monro, the subjunctive in this clause indicates the “emphatic assent” of the speaker to the statement being made (Monro 275b).

    396  θάνε: unaugmented 3rd sing. aor. act. indic. > θνήσκω. The aorist aspect indicates that the action of the verb in the temporal clause (i.e., Odysseus’s death) precedes the action of the main verb (i.e., holding the kingship).

    397  ἔσομ(αι): fut. > εἰμί.

    401  Ἀχαιῶν: partitive gen., with ὅς τις.

    402  ἔχοις … ἀνάσσοις: optatives of wish, perhaps with a concessive or permissive force: “you may …” (Smyth 1819).

    403  μὴ … ἔλθοι: negative optative of wish. 

    403  βίηφιν: Epic dat. plu. fem.

    404  ἀπορραίσει: the manuscripts read ἀπορραίσει (fut. act. indic.), but Bentley suggested the widely-accepted emendation ἀπορραίσει᾽ (ἀπορραίσειε, aor. opt.). The optative would be expected in a future less vivid conditional relative clause. The verb takes two accusatives: “to deprive (acc.) of (acc.)” (LSJ ἀπορραίω).

    404  Ἰθάκης ἔτι ναιετοώσης: genitive absolute (LSJ ναιετάω II).

    405  ξείνοιο: i.e., Mentes/Athena.

    406  ὁππόθεν … ποίης: the construction shifts from a single indirect question to a series of direct questions.

    409  ἑὸν αὐτοῦ: reflex. possessive pron.

    409  χρεῖος: neut. acc. sing. (LSJ χρέος II)

    409  ἐελδόμενος: pres. depon. ptc. (+ acc.) (LSJ ἔλδομαι)

    409  τόδ(ε): adverbial. See LSJ ὅδε IV.2.a.

    410  ὑπέμεινε: μένω and its compound ὑπομένω can take an accusative and infinitive construction” “wait for (accusative) to (infinitive).” See LSJ μένω II.2.

    411  γνώμεναι: infinitive of purpose, with subject omitted (“for us to recognize”).

    411  κακῷ: of persons. Similarly to how ἀγαθός can mean high-born/aristocrat, κακός can mean low-born in reference to one's social standing. 

    411  εἰς ὦπα: see LSJ ὤψ.

    414  εἴ ποθεν ἔλθοι: the implied subject of ἔλθοι is ἀγγελίη. A mixed condition, with a present indicative (πείθομαι) in the apodosis (present general), and an aorist optative in the protasis (future less vivid).

    417  πατρώιος: implied ξένος

    μνηστήρ –ῆρος ὁ: a suitor365

    ὁμαδέω ὁμαδήσω ὠμάδησα: to make a noise

    μέγαρον –ου τό: a large room

    σκιόεις –εσσα –εν: shadowy, dark

    ἀράομαι ἀράσομαι (Ion. ἀρήσομαι) ἠρησάμην ἤρᾱμαι: to pray to

    λέχος –ους τό: a couch, bed

    κλίνω κλινῶ ἔκλινα κέκλικα κέκλιμαι ἐκλίνην/ἐκλίθην: to lie down

    Τηλέμαχος –ου ὁ: Telemachus, the son of Odysseus and Penelope

    πέπνυμαι (old Epic perf. pass. of πνέω with pres. sense): to be wise, be prudent

    ἄρχω ἅρξω ἦρξα ἦρχα ἦργμαι ἦρχθην: to begin, rule

    μῦθος –ου ὁ: word, speech, plan

    ὑπέρβιος –ον: excessive, excessively violent

    ὕβρις –εως ἡ: violence, insolence, lust

    δαίνυμι δαίσω ἔδαισα: to dine

    τέρπω τέρψω ἔτερψα ––– ––– ἐτάρφθην/ἐτέρφθην: to satisfy, delight, gladden, cheer

    βοητύς –ύος ἡ: a shouting, clamour

    ἀοιδός –οῦ ὁ: a singer, minstrel, bard370

    οἷος –α –ον: (such a kind) as; οἷός τε + inf., fit or able to do

    ἐναλίγκιος [–η] –ον: like, resembling

    αὐδή –ῆς ἡ: voice, speech

    ἠῶθεν: in the morning

    ἀγορήνδε: to the meeting place

    καθέζομαι καθεδοῦμαι/καθεδήσομαι κάθημαι ἐκαθέσθην: to sit down, take one's seat

    κίω – – – – –: to go

    ἀπηλεγέως: bluntly

    ἀπεῖπον: to speak out

    ἐξίημι ἐξήσω ἐξῆκα ἐξεῖκα ἐξεῖμαι ἐξείθην: to send away, throw out

    ἀλεγύνω – – – – –: to find, care for

    δαίς δαιτός ἡ: feast, banquet, meal

    ὑμός –ή –όν: your375

    κτῆμα –ατος τό: a possession

    ἔδω ἔδομαι ἤδα ἔδηδα ἐδήδοται ἠδέσθην: to eat

    ἀμείβω ἀμείψω ἤμειψα ἤμειφα ἤμειμμαι ἠμείφθην: change, alternate, respond

    λωΐων ὁ or ἡ λώϊον τό gen –ονος: more desirable, more agreeable

    βίοτος –ου ὁ: wealth, livelihood

    νήποινος –ον: unavenged

    ὄλλυμι ὀλῶ ὤλεσα (or ὠλόμην) ὀλώλεκα (or ὄλωλα) ––– –––: to destroy, lose, (mid.) perish

    κείρω κερῶ ἔκειρα κέκαρκα κέκαρμαι ἐκέρθην: to waste, consume

    ἐπιβοάω ἐπιβοήσομαι (Ion. ἐπιβώσομαι) ἐπεβωσάμην: to call upon

    ποθι: possibly, anywhere

    Ζεύς Διός ὁ: Zeus

    παλίντιτος –ον: requited, avenged

    δόμος –ου ὁ: a house380

    ἔντοσθε: within, inside

    ἄρα: particle: 'so'

    ὀδάξ: bite

    χεῖλος –ους τό: lip

    θαρσαλέος –α –ον: bold, courageous

    ἀγορεύω ἀγορεύσω ἠγόρευσα ἠγόρευκα ἠγόρευμαι ἠγορεύθην: to speak, speak in the assembly

    αὖτε: again

    Ἀντίνοος –ου ὁ: Antinous, one of the leaders among suitors of Penelope, he is outspoken and bold

    πρόσφημι πρόσφησω προσέφησα: to speak to, address

    Εὐπείθης –ους ὁ: Eupeithes, father of the suitor Antinous, slain by Laertes

    ὑψαγόρας –ου ὁ: a big talker, boaster, braggart385

    ἀμφίαλος –ον: sea-girt

    Ἰθάκη –ης ἡ: Ithaca, the home of Odysseus, an island on the West coast of Greece

    Κρονίων –ωνος ὁ: son of Cronus

    γενεά ᾶς Ion. γενεή ῆς ἡ: family, lineage

    πατρῷος –α –ον (Ion. πατρώϊος): of or belonging to the father, hereditary

    ἀντίος –α or –ιη –ον: set against, opposite, facing (+ gen.); in reply

    αὐδάω (ηὔδων) αὐδήσω ηὔδησα ηὔδηκα ηὔδημαι ηὔδάθην: to speak

    νεμεσάω νεμεσήσω ἐνεμέσησα: to feel resentment, to be wroth at undeserved390

    τεύχω τεύξω ἔτευξα τέτευχα τέτυγμαι ἐτύχθην: to make ready, make, build, work

    βασιλεύω βασιλεύσω ἐβασίλευσα βεβασίλευκα βεβασίλευμαι ἐβασιλήθην: to be king, to rule, reign

    αἶψα: quick, with speed, on a sudden

    οὗ, οἷ, ἕ and encl. οὑ, οἱ, ἑ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself

    δῶμα –ατος τό: a house

    ἀφνειός [–ά] –όν: rich, wealthy

    πέλω ––– ἔπλον ––– ––– –––: to be, become

    τιμήεις –εσσα –εν: honoured, esteemed

    τοι: let me tell you, surely, verily

    Ἀχαιός –ά –όν: Achaian

    ἠδέ: and395

    δῖος –α –ον: god-like

    Ὀδυσσεύς –έως ὁ: Odysseus, king of Ithaca, hero of the Odyssey

    ἀτάρ: but, yet

    ἄναξ –ακτος ὁ: a lord, master

    δμώς –ωός ὁ: an enslaved person, especially one taken in war

    ληΐζομαι ληΐσσομαι ληΐσσομαι λέλῃσμαι: seize, carry off as booty

    Εὐρύμαχος –ου ὁ: Eurymachus, son of Polybus, suitor of Penelope, he is smart and cunning

    Πόλυβος –ου ὁ: Polybus, an Ithacan, the father of Eurymachus

    γόνυ γόνατος τό: the knee400

    ἀνάσσω ἀνάξω ἤναξα: to be lord, master, owner, to rule, in

    ἀέκων –ουσα –ον: against one's will, unwilling

    βία –ας ἡ: violence, force

    ἀπορραίω ἀπορραίσω ἀπέρραισα: to bereave

    ναιετάω νάσσομαι ἐνασσάμην ––– νένασμαι ἐνάσθην: to dwell, exist, stand

    φέρτερος -α -ον (comp.; superl. φέριστος, φέρτατος): better, braver, more valiant405

    ὁπόθεν: from where, from what place

    ποῖος –α –ον: of what nature/kind?

    εὔχομαι εὔξομαι ηὐξάμην ηὖγμαι: to claim, pray

    γαῖα –ας ἡ: a land, country

    ἄρουρα –ας ἡ: tilled or arable land, ground, fatherland

    ἀγγελία –ας ἡ: a message, tidings, news

    ἑός ἑή ἑόν: his, her own

    χρέος –ους τό: business, need, obligation

    ἔλδομαι – – – – –: to wish, long

    ἱκάνω ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: to come, arrive

    ἀναΐσσω/ἀνᾴσσω/ἀνᾴττω ἀνᾴξω ἀνῇξα: to start up, rise quickly410

    ἄφαρ: straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently

    οἴχομαι οἰχήσομαι ––– ––– ––– –––: to be gone, to have gone

    ὑπομένω ὑπομενῶ ὑπέμεινα ὑπομεμένηκα ––– –––: to stay behind, wait

    τι: at all

    ὤψ ὠπός ἡ: the eye, face

    νόστος –ου ὁ: a return home

    ποθεν: from some place

    θεοπροπία –ας ἡ: a prophecy, oracle

    ἐμπάζομαι – – – – –: to take heed of, care for

    θεοπρόπος –ου ὁ: prophet, oracle, messenger to an oracle415

    ἐξέρομαι ἐξερήσομαι ἐξηρόμην ––– ––– –––: to inquire into

    Τάφος –ου ἡ: Island on the coast of northwestern Greece, home of Mentes

    Μέντης –ου ὁ: Mentes, leader of the Ciconians, king of the Taphians, under whose form Athena visits Telemachus

    Ἀγχίαλος –ου ὁ: Anchialus

    δαίφρων –ον: fiery-hearted, warlike

    Τάφιοι –ων οἱ: the Taphians, inhabitants of Taphos, notorious for their piracy

    φιλήρετμος –ον: loving the oar

    φρήν φρενός ἡ: heart, mind420

    ἀθάνατος –ον: undying, immortal

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    Thomas Van Nortwick and Rob Hardy, Homer: Odyssey 5–12. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2024. ISBN: 978-1-947822-17-7 https://dcc.dickinson.edu/homer-odyssey/i-365-420