Roman

The Egyptian goddess Isis was adopted into Roman religion in the first century B.C. She possessed a wide range of powers, including the ability to offer her followers a better afterlife. In Roman religion, she was often merged with other Roman goddesses, creating new composite deities. This statuette portrays Isis combined with Fortuna, a fertility goddess who controlled the fate of both individuals and cities. This statuette has attributes of both goddesses: she wears the elaborate headdress of Isis, a lunar disk between horns or feathers, and the front of her long dress is tied in a knot on her chest, the so-called Isis knot. She also holds the usual attributes of Fortuna: the rudder in her right hand refers to her control over the course of human lives, and the cornucopia in her left arm is a symbol of abundance and prosperity (Getty Museum).

Most of the remains of ancient Casinum are contained within the archaeological park attached to the Museo Archeologico Nazionale G. Carettoni, with a couple exceptions. The first is the ancient theater, which is adjacent to the museum and archaeological area, but is separate and not currently accessible. The theater was likely built early in the reign of Augustus. An inscription attributes a renovation of the theater in the second half of the 1st century CE to Ummidia Quadratilla, whose father was responsible for the original construction of the theater. The theater is somewhat visible from the parking lot, it’s not a great view. Performances are supposedly conducted here in the summers, but it was quite overgrown and didn’t look like it had been used for those purposes in a while. Some remains of a Roman road are visible at points running south of the museum. (Rob@roamintheempire.com)

The mausoleum of Ummidia is unique, with a cella in opus quadratum, on a central plan with a cupola, a pronaos facing - with Italic Corinthian columns covered in stucco. (Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Casinum)

The amphitheater was constructed in the latter half of the 1st century CE. An inscription records that it was constructed, along with a temple, by Ummidia Quadratilla (the very same patron of the theater) with her own money for the citizens of Casinum. The temple which is referred to in the inscription has not yet been found. The amphitheater was located outside the walls of the city, built abutting the slopes of Monte Cassino. The amphitheater is estimated to have had a capacity of about 4,500 spectators. (Rob@roamintheempire.com)

Enough of the fragmentary floor survives to identify the subject as a bear hunt. The figures of three hunters are preserved, and one of them has his name, Lucius, inscribed above his head. The arm of another hunter is preserved along the left edge, along with his name, Minus. The hunters are driving four bears into a net; a fifth has already been captured. The net is set in a semi-circle and tied to trees at the right and left edges of the scene. The hunting scene is surrounded on three sides by a border of loop guilloche, and another vertical border of a foliate garland with a central ribbon frames the right end. The outermost border is a luxurious acanthus scroll. Heads emerge from elaborate leaf complexes in the corners, and smaller figures of erotes with armor, fruits and animals (both real and imaginary) are tucked into the scrolling acanthus along the edges (Getty website).

Getty Museum 72.AH.76

He stands with his weight resting on the right leg, with the left foot drawn back.

Metadata from the Met website:

Title: Bronze statuette of Mercury

Period: Early Imperial

Date: 1st century CE

Culture: Roman

Medium: Bronze

Dimensions: Overall: 6 3/16 x 2 3/4 x 1 7/8 in. (15.7 x 6.9 x 4.8 cm)

Classification: Bronzes

Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1906

Object Number: 06.1057

The Palestrina Mosaic or Nile mosaic of Palestrina is a late Hellenistic floor mosaic depicting the Nile in its passage from the Blue Nile to the Mediterranean. The mosaic was part of a Classical sanctuary-grotto in Palestrina, a town east of Ancient Rome, in central Italy. It has a width of 5.85 metres and a height of 4.31 metres and provides a glimpse into the Roman fascination with ancient Egyptian exoticism in the 1st century BC, both as an early manifestation of the role of Egypt in the Roman imagination and an example of the genre of "Nilotic landscape", with a long iconographic history in Egypt and the Aegean.

The mosaic, with an arch-headed framing that identifies its original location as flooring an apse in a grotto, features detailed depictions of Ptolemaic Greeks, Aethiopians in hunting scenes, and various animals of the Nile river. It is the earliest Roman depiction of Nilotic scenes, of which several more were uncovered at Pompeii. A consensus on the dating of the work is slowly emerging. Paul G. P. Meyboom suggests a date shortly before the reign of Sulla (ca. 100 BC) and treats the mosaic as an early evidence for the spread of Egyptian cults in Italy, where Isis was syncretised with Fortuna. He believes Nilotic scenes were introduced in Rome by Demetrius the Topographer, a Greek artist from Ptolemaic Egypt active ca. 165 BC. Claire Préaux emphasises the "escapist" nature of the fantastic scenery. (Wikipedia)

Augustus. 27 BC-14 AD. AR Denarius (3.88 gm). Struck circa 19-18 BC. Caesaraugusta mint. CAESAR AVGVSTVS, laureate head right / DIVVS IVLIV[S], comet of eight rays with tail upward. RIC I 37a; BMCRE 323; RSC 98.