Translate the following sentences, making use of the notes on the right as needed.
1. The Titan Prometheus has been bound to a cliff face in the Caucasus mountains on the orders of Zeus, king of the Olympian gods. Once he is bound, Prometheus sings about his suffering, but then suddenly stops and says:
καίτοι τί φημι;
Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 101
2. A chorus of the daughters of the god of the Ocean come to visit Prometheus and learn of his punishment. When Prometheus explains that his punishment can end only when Zeus wills it so, the chorus asks in despair:
τίς ἐλπίς [ἐστιν];
Aeschylus Prometheus Bound 259
3. During the Trojan War, the great Greek warrior Ajax becomes embroiled in a controversy and eventually commits suicide. His wife (and former prisoner of war) says of his enemies:
Αἴας γὰρ αὐτοῖς οὐκέτ’ ἐστίν…
Sophocles Ajax 972
4. Ajax’s half-brother, Teucer, defends the fallen warrior’s reputation, which angers the general of the Greek forces, Agamemnon. Here Agamemnon sarcastically quotes Teucer to his face:
ἀλλ’ αὐτὸς ἄρχων, ὡς σὺ φῄς, Αἴας ἔπλει.
Sophocles Ajax 1234
5. After the Trojan War, Agamemnon returns home and is murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra (in retaliation for Agamemnon murdering their daughter Iphigenia before the war). Two of their other children, sister Electra and brother Orestes, later meet and conspire to take vengeance on their own mother. In preparation, Electra sings in part:
δαιμόνιον αὐτὸ τίθημ’ ἐγώ.
Sophocles Electra 1269-70
6. After Electra and Orestes kill their mother, Orestes falls ill and hallucinates. At one point, his uncle Menelaus (Agamemnon’s brother) visits and asks:
τίς σε ἀπόλλυσιν νόσος;
Euripides Orestes 395
7. Ion is a young man who has been raised as an orphan at a temple, ever since he was left there as an infant. Now the priestess of the temple is giving Ion the cradle in which he was found, so that he can search for his parents:
ὦ παῖ, καὶ τάδ’ ἀποδίδωμί σοι.
Euripides Ion 1358
8. Another famous orphan was Oedipus. In this scene, he is trying to discover who his birth parents were. He has found the shepherd who originally took the baby Oedipus from his original parents. At one point the shepherd says that the queen of the city (who is also Oedipus’ wife) knows the origin of the baby Oedipus. Oedipus then asks:
ἦ γὰρ δίδωσιν ἥδε σοι;
Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannos 1173
9. Later, Oedipus, old, blind, and in exile, comes to the Athenian suburb of Colonus, along with his daughter Antigone, where his other daughter, Ismene, joins them. Then Antigone tells Oedipus that Polynices (their brother/son/uncle) has just arrived.
…πάρεστι δεῦρο Πολυνείκης ὅδε.
Polynices enters and says:
οἴμοι, …
Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus 1253
10. As he prepares to invade Thebes and attack his brother, Polynices responds to his mother’s request that the brothers meet and try one last time to settle their differences. He says:
μῆτερ, πάρειμι …
Euripides Phoenician Women 446
11. In Euripides’ satyrical version of Odysseus’ encounter with the Cyclops (originally from Odyssey book 9), Silenus takes the bowl of wine and the Cyclops asks:
ἰδού. τί δῆτα τὸν κρατῆρ’ ὄπισθ’ ἐμοῦ τίθης;
Euripides Cyclops 545
12. In an alternate (lost) version of Aristophanes’ Peace, the goddess of farming plays a role. She appears and says that she is closely related to Peace, at which point someone asks her:
σοὶ δ’ ὄνομα δὴ τί ἐστιν;
to which the goddess responds:
ὅ τι; Γεωργία.
Aristophanes Peace fr. 305
13. In another comedy, the tragedian Euripides is in trouble with the women of Athens for his unflattering portrayal of them on stage. He sends one of his in-laws to spy on the women, but he ends up captured. Euripides later comes in disguise to rescue his kinsman from a guard:
Archer guard:
ὄνομα δέ σοι τί ἐστιν;
Euripides:
Ἀρτεμισία.
Aristophanes Thesmophoriazusae 1200
14. The historian Thucydides counts the ships lost in a naval battle:
αὐτοὶ δὲ πέντε καὶ δέκα ναῦς ἀπολλύασιν.
Thucydides 8.106.4
15. The intellectual and teacher Isocrates is listing things that people do in order to better themselves and receive a superior education at Athens:
ἀλλὰ δῆλον ὅτι καὶ πλέουσι καὶ χρήματα διδόασιν καὶ πάντα ποιοῦσιν.
Isocrates 15.226
16. Here Socrates is trying to determine the nature and origin of words:
τίς παραδίδωσιν ἡμῖν τὰ ὀνόματα οἷς χρώμεθα;
Plato Cratylus 388d
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notes
1.
καίτοι = form of καί used to change topics.
2.
τίς Is τίς an interrogative pronoun or adjective here?
3.
Αἴας Αἴαντος ὁ Ajax.
οὐκέτ’ = οὐκέτι no longer.
4.
σύ (nom sg) you.
Αἴας Αἴαντος ὁ Ajax.
ἔπλει (3rd sg) sailed.
5.
δαιμόνιον (nom/acc sg) τό divine. Here, δαιμόνιον and αὐτὸ are in apposition.
ἐγώ (nom sg) I.
τίθημ’ in this context, best translated as “ordain, reckon.”
6.
σε (acc sg) you
νόσος (nom sg) ὁ disease
7.
ὦ παῖ “Oh child.” παῖ is the vocative case (which you will learn in lesson 40) of παῖς, παιδός, ὁ.
καί Is καί a conjunction or an adverb here?
σοι (dat sg) you
8.
ἦ (sets up a yes/no question)
σοι (dat sg) you
9.
δεῦρο here.
οἴμοι (a cry of pain).
Πολυνείκης (nom sg) ὁ Polynices
10.
μῆτερ mother
11.
ἰδού Look! Hey!
δῆτα (emphasizes preceding word)
κρατῆρ’ = κρατῆρα from κρατήρ, κρατήρος, ὁ bowl (for wine)
ὄπισθ’ = ὄπισθε behind (+ gen.)
ἐμοῦ (gen. sg.) me
12.
δή (emphasizes preceding word)
Γεωργία (nom sg) ἡ Agriculture, Farming
σοι (dat sg) you
ὅ τι is here modifying a neuter singular antecedent. What is that antecedent?
13.
Ἀρτεμισία (nom sg) ἡ Artemesia, a naval commander from the Persian wars.
σοι (dat sg) you.
14.
πέντε five. Many numbers, including δέκα and πέντε, do not decline. The nouns that they modify are usually obvious from context.
δέκα ten
ναῦς (acc pl) ἡ ships
15.
δῆλον (nom sg) τό clear. Supply ἐστίν.
πάντα (nom/acc pl) τό anything & everything
πλέουσι (3rd pl) sail
ποιοῦσιν (3rd pl) do
16.
ἡμῖν (dat pl) us
χρώμεθα (1st pl) use (+ dat.)
New Vocab.
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which, that
ὅσπερ, ἥπερ, ὅπερ the same/very one(s) who, which, that
ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι anyone who, anything which, whoever, whatever
τις, τι (enclitic) someone, something, anyone, anything
τίς, τί who? what? which?
Prev. Vocab.
ἀγών ἀγῶνος ὁ contest
αἷμα αἵματος τό blood
αἰών αἰῶνος ὁ age, eternity
ἀλλά but
ἀνίστημι raise, appoint
ἀποδίδωμι give back
ἀπόλλυμι kill, destroy
ἄρα therefore
ἄρχων ἄρχοντος ὁ ruler
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό self, same, he/she/it
ἀφίημι send forth; let go, allow
γάρ for
γράμμα γράμματος τό letter
δαίμων δαίμονος ὁ divinity
δέ and, but
δείκνυμι show
δίδωμι give
διό therefore
εἰ, εἴπερ if
εἰμί be
εἴτε…εἴτε either…or
ἐκεῖνος ἐκείνη ἐκεῖνο that
ἐλπίς ἐλπίδος ἡ hope
ἐπεί after, since, when
ἐπιτίθημι put on
ἕως until, while
ζεύγνυμι yoke, join together
ἤ but
ἡγεμών ἡγεμόνος ὁ guide, commander
θέλημα θέλματος τό will, wish, desire
ἵημι throw
ἵνα where
ἵστημι stand
καθίστημι set down, establish
καί and
μέν…δέ on the one hand... on the other hand
μέχρι until
μή no, not (moods other than indicative)
μήτε and not (with moods other than indicative)
μήτε…μήτε neither…nor (with moods other than indicative)
μίγνυμι mix
μυριάς μυριάδος ἡ ten thousand; countless
νύξ νυκτός ἡ night
ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε this
ὄμνυμι swear (an oath); swear to
ὄνομα ὀνόματος τό name
ὅθεν from where
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which, that
ὅσπερ, ἥπερ, ὅπερ the same/very one(s) who, which, that
ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι anyone who, anything which, whoever, whatever
ὅτε when
ὅτι because
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ no, not (indicative mood)
οὖν therefore
οὖς, ὠτός τό ear
οὔτε and not (with indicative mood)
οὔτε…οὔτε neither…nor (with indicative mood)
παῖς, παιδός ὁ child
παραδίδωμι hand over, deliver
πάρειμι be present
παρίστημι present, offer, supply
πατρίς πατρίδος ἡ fatherland
πνεῦμα πνεύματος τό wind, breath, spirit
πούς, ποδός ὁ foot
πρᾶγμα πράγματος τό thing; (pl.) circumstances, affairs, business
πρίν (w/indicative verbs) until; (w/infinitive verbs) before
προστίθημι add to
ῥήγνυμι break, shatter
ῥῆμα ῥήματος τό word, saying
σκεδάννυμι scatter, disperse
σπέρμα σπέρματος τό seed, offspring
στόμα στόματος τό mouth
σχῆμα σχήματος τό form, appearance
σῶμα σώματος τό body
τε and
τίθημι put, place, make
τις, τι (enclitic) someone, something, anyone, anything
τίς, τί who? what? which?
τοίνυν therefore
ὕδωρ, ὕδατος τό water
ὑπάρχοντα ὑπαρχόντων τά circumstances, property
φημί say, assert
φῶς, φωτός τό light
χρῆμα χρήματος τό thing; (pl.) money
ὡς as