Spartāna tellūs nōbile attollit iugum,

dēnsīs ubi aequor Taenarus silvīs premit.

hīc ōra solvit Dītis invīsī domus

hiatque rūpēs alta et immēnsō specū665

ingēns vorāgō faucibus vastīs patet

lātumque pandit omnibus populīs iter.

nōn caeca tenebrīs incipit prīmō via;

tenuis relictae lūcis ā tergō nitor

fulgorque dubius sōlis affectī cadit670

et lūdit aciem; nocte sīc mixtā solet

praebēre lūmen prīmus aut sērus diēs.

hinc ampla vacuīs spatia laxantur locīs,

in quae omne mersum pergat hūmānum genus.

nec īre labor est; ipsa dēdūcit via.675

ut saepe puppēs aestus invītās rapit,

sīc prōnus āēr urget atque avidum chaos,

gradumque retrō flectere haud umquam sinunt

umbrae tenācēs.

    Theseus describes how he and Hercules entered the Underworld at Taenarus (nōbile… iugum) in Sparta, one of the traditional entry points.

    Seneca includes several details from previous Latin poems. For example, 664 invisi (“hateful”) recalls Horace (Odes 1.34.10-11 invīsī horrida Taenarī / sēdēs) and 666 faucibus (“jaws”) recalls Virgil (Georgics 4.467 Taenariās … faucēs).

    663 premit: Taenarus is imagined to “press” against the water with its dense forests. Seneca probably imagines a bay surrounded by forested land, holding the cave described in 664–67.

    665–66 immēnsō … patet: “and in an immense cave a giant chasm opens with its vast jaws.”

    668–72 This realistic description of the light slowly fading during the journey to the Underworld features a series of careful sound repetitions: tenuis … tergō, relictae lūcis, nitor / fulgorque.

    668 nōn caeca tenebrīs incipit prīmō via: “The road begins, not hidden by shadows at first.” The word order emphasizes nōn caeca. caecus has both an “active” meaning (“not able to see, blind”), and, as here, a “passive” meaning (“not able to be seen, dark, hidden”). See LS caecus I and II.

    669–70 tenuis … nitor / fulgorque dubius … cadit: both nouns are the subject of cadit: daylight “falls” down the descending path and also “diminishes” (LS cado II.B).

    669 relictae … ā tergō: “left behind.”

    670 sōlis affectī: “weakened sunlight” (LS afficio II.A.β)

    more

    affectī: a correction by Richard Bentley; the manuscripts all read afflictī (e.g., Par. Lat. 8260, left hand page, 2nd line from the top), which would produce the strange image of the sun being “broken, damaged, distressed, sad.” afflīctus is a common word in Seneca, and thus could have easily been substituted by a scribe for the rarer affectī.

    671 lūdit aciem: “deceives the eye”

    671–72 Prose word order would be: sīc prīmus aut sērus diēs solet praebēre lūmen, nocte mixtā.

    nocte … mixtā: ablative absolute (AG 419): “with night (i.e., the darkness of night) mixed in.” The sentence is carefully arranged with “night” and “day” placed at opposite ends.

    673 vacuīs … locīs: locative ablative (AG 426)

    674 in quae … pergat: relative clause of characteristic (AG 534), “the kind of spaces into which…” mersum: “once plunged into the earth” (Fitch 2018).

    675–79 A variation of Virgil’s description of the road to the Underworld at Aeneid 6.126–29: easy on the way down but impossible on the way up.

    676–77 ut … sīc: “just as … thus,” the typical markers of a simile. The current “seizes” (rapit) “unwilling” (invītās) ships, while the void is “greedy” (avidum) and the air “pushes” (urget) souls downwards. Note also the repeated a’s and o’s in 677: if you read the line out loud, you can feel your mouth open wide like the avidum chaos.

    677 urget: supply as the object.

    678 haud umquam sinunt: “do not ever allow (you) to…”

    679 umbrae tenācēs: postponement to the end of the sentence and enjambment emphasize this nominative phrase. The image of the dead “clutching” at the living is unsettling, just as in a contemporary zombie movie.

    Spartānus –a –um: Spartan

    attollō attollere: to raise up, lift up

    dēnsus –a –um: thick; close, compact

    Taenarus or Taenaros –ī m. or Taenarum –ī n.: Taenarus

    Dīs –ītis m.: Dis; Pluto

    invīsus –a –um: hated

    hiō hiāre hiāvī hiātus: to lie open, gape

    rūpēs –is f.: rock, cliff

    immēnsus –a –um: immeasurable, boundless, vast

    specus –ūs m./f.: cave, chasm

    vorāgō –inis f.: abyss, chasm

    faux faucis f.: throat; jaws, mouth; entrance

    vāstus –a –um: empty, desolate; vast

    pandō pandere pandī passus: to spread out, extend; unfold

    prīmō: at first

    tenuis tenue: thin, fine; slight, weak

    nitor –ōris m.: brightness, lustre

    fulgor –ōris m. or fulgur –ūris n.: lightning, flash, brightness

    lūdō lūdere lūsī lūsus: to play, frolic; mock

    sērus –a –um: late, too late

    hinc: from here, hence

    laxō laxāre laxāvī laxātus: to spread out; open up

    mergō –ere –mersī –mersus: to dip, immerse, plunge

    puppis puppis f.: stern of a ship; ship

    aestus aestūs m.: heat; surge, wave; mental/emotional turmoil

    invītus –a –um: unwilling, reluctant 

    prōnus –a –um: sloping; prone to

    urgeō urgēre ursī: to press, drive; force

    avidus –a –um: eager; greedy; hungry

    Chaos (only in nom. and acc. sing.) n.: void, boundless space; the Underworld

    retrō: backwards

    flectō flectere flēxī flexus: to bend; turn, direct; persuade

    tenāx –ācis: gripping, holding fast

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