KING EDWIN'S KINGDOM
Edwin was the son of Ælle, the first king of Deira, who ruled from ca. 560 to 589. After uniting Northumbria under his rule in 616, Edwin gradually extended his power in England, eventually becoming a bretwalda, or overlord. He was defeated and killed in a battle with the combined forces of Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Gwynedd in 632. With his belated conversion in 628, Edwin became the first Christian king of Northumbria.
(1) Quō tempore: “at this time”
Humbre: genitive, with flūminis (“of the River Humber”)
cum rēge suō Aedvīnō: ablative of accompaniment with cum. Edwin ruled Northumbria from 616 to 633. See PASE Edwin 2.
verbum fideī: object of suscēpit. The main clause is gēns verbum suscēpit. To “receive the word of faith” is to be converted.
praedicante Paulīnō: ablative absolute, can be translated “through the preaching of Paulinus.” Paulinus was bishop of York from 625 to 633. See PASE Paulinus 1.
cuius suprā meminimus: Bede introduces Paulinus in I.29 as one of the missionaries that Pope Gregory sent to Britain. meminī takes a genitive object (here, cuius) when it means “mention”; see AG 350.b, Note 2.
(2) cui vidēlicet regī: dative of reference (AG 376).
in auspicium: “as a portent of” (with genitive).
ita ut: introducing a result clause.
quod nēmō Anglōrum ante eum: “(a thing) which no one of the Angles before him (had done).” Understand fēcerat.
omnēs Brittāniae fīnēs: direct object of acciperet.
quā: “where”
sub diciōne: “under his sway”
(3) Quīn et: “And in addition….”
Mēvāniās īnsulās: Anglesey and the Isle of Man.
sīcut et suprā docuimus: Bede first mentions Edwin’s conquest of Anglesey and Man at 2.5.
imperiō subiugāvit: subiugāre takes an ablative: “subjected to the authority of….”
quārum prior: “the former of which,” i.e., Anglesey.
ad austrum: “to the south”
sitū ... prōventū ... ūbertāte: ablatives of specification (AG 418) with comparative adjectives (“larger in size,” etc.).
nōngentārum LX familiārum mēnsūram: “a measure of 960 hides.” The genitives are genitives of measure (AG 345.b); mēnsūram is the direct object of tenet.
trecentārum et ultrā: “more than 300”
tenet: has both prior and secunda as its subjects: “the first ... has a measure of …, the second has a territory of….”
KING EDWIN'S MARRIAGE
Christianity was introduced to the kingdom of Northumbria through the marriage, ca. 625, of King Edwin to Æthelburh, the daughter of King Æthelberht of Kent, whom Augustine had converted to Christianity ca. 597 (see HE I.25). Edwin's conversion to Christianity was a condition of the marriage.
(4) Huic autem gentī: dative of reference (AG 376)
quod: “that”
eius: refers to huic gentī: “their aforementioned king”
cognātiōne iūnctus est: “was joined by marriage”
Cantuāriōrum: “of Kent”
acceptā ... filiā: ablative absolute.
in coniugem: “in marriage”
Ædilbergā: Æthelburh of Kent (died ca. 647), daughter of Æthelberht of Kent.
Æthelberctī: Æthelberht of Kent (ca. 560–616). For more on Æthelberht, see HE 2.5.
vocābātur: “was called.” Æthelburh’s nickname was Tate.
(5) huius cōnsortium cum ... peteret: temporal/circumstantial clause in the subjunctive. Re-arrange: cum prīmō ipse missīs procīs peteret huius cōnsortium ā frātre eius Aedbaldō…. The postponement of cum emphasizes the first two words.
huius: Æthelburh
primō: “first,” “the first time”
ipse: Edwin
missīs procīs: ablative of means (literally, “by means of sent ambassadors”)
Aeodbaldō: Eadbald, son of Æthelberht and Bertha; king of Kent, 616–640.
nōn esse licitum: infinitive in indirect discourse, introduced by respōnsum est (“the response was that it was not permissible…”).
caelestis: the word play on rēgis lends emphasis to this word
prōfānārentur cōnsortiō: “be profaned by the marriage” (ablative of means)
quī: the antecedent is rēgis (“of a king who….”)
esset: subjunctive by attraction (AG 593).
(6) sē ... esse factūrum: accusative-infinitive construction of indirect discourse, introduced by prōmīsit. nīl is the direct object of factūrum esse.
nīl omnimodīs: “not at all” (DMLBS, omnimodus 2.b)
quam: the antecedent is fideī (“the Christian faith, which…”)
quīn potius: “and furthermore”
permissūrum: understand esse (indirect discourse): “he would allow”
servāret: the subject is Æthelburh. The purpose clause can be translated: “he would allow her to keep …” (literally, “he would allow that she keep…”).
(7) sē … subitūrum esse: accusative-infinitive of indirect discourse, introduced by abnegāvit, the subject of which is Edwin. subitūrum esse: “he would submit to,” takes an accusative object (i.e., eandem religiōnem).
eandem ... religiōnem: i.e., Christianity
sī tamen: = “if, that is ...,” tamen providing a clarification and limitation (DMLBS, tamen 3).
exāmināta: take the participle in apposition to religio: “if it [i.e., the Christian religion], having been examined by wise men, could be found....”
PAULINUS ACCOMPANIES ÆTHELBURH TO THE COURT OF KING EDWIN
In 604 Pope Gregory sent Paulinus (d. 644) to England with a second group of missionaries to support Augustine's mission in Kent. Paulinus accompanied Æthelburh to Northumbria when she married Edwin, and turned his attention to converting the king. He finally succeeded in about 627, and was consecrated the first Bishop of York.
(8) prōmittitur: “was promised in marriage,” DMLBS, prōmittō 2.b.
virgō: Æthelburh
iuxtā: “in accordance with”
dispositum fuerat: shifted pluperfect, for dispositum erat.
ordinātur: “was ordained bishop,” DMLBS, ordināre 13.c.
quī ... venīret ... cōnfirmāret: relative clauses of purpose (AG 531.2): Paulinus is ordained “to come with her….” confirmāre means “to encourage, strengthen, confirm (person or heart, esp. in faith),” DMLBS, confirmāre 2.
eamque et comitēs eius: direct objects of cōnfirmāret.
cōtidiānā et exhortātiōne, et: “both by daily exhortation, and ….”
(9) Ordinātus: the ordination of Paulinus is here associated with Æthelburh’s marriage to Edwin in 625. On the controversy surrounding the dates in this chapter, see S. Wood, “Bede’s Northumbrian Dates Again,” The English Historical Review 98 (1983): 280–296, and D.P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (London: Unwin Hyman, 1991), 37–44.
Iūstō: Justus, first bishop of Rochester (604–624) and fourth archbishop of Canterbury (624 to between 627 and 630).
sub diē XII Kalendārum Augustārum: July 21
quasi comes cōpulae carnālis: literally, “as if as a companion of her secular union”; that is, Paulinus accompanied Æthelburh as if he were a retainer in the bride’s household, rather than as a bishop of the church.
(10) Sed ipse potius tōtō animō intendēns, ut: understand advēnit as the main verb, carried over from the previous clause, with intendēns as a complementary participle: “but really he came exerting himself wholeheartedly to….”
ut ... Chrīstō: re-order: ut, advocāns gentem, quam adībat, ad agnitōnem vēritātis, exhibēret [gentem] virginem castam ūnī vērō spōnsō Chrīstō, iuxtā vōcem apostolī. Understand gentem as the direct object of both advocāns and exhibēret, and virginem castam as a predicate accusative with gentem (“… to present the people as a pure virgin…”). ūnī vērō spōnsō is the dative indirect object of exhibēret.
iuxtā vōcem apostolī: “according to the word of the apostle”; Bede is paraphrasing 2 Corinthians 11:2: despondī enim vōs ūnī virō virginem castam exhibēre Christō (Vulgate; in the King James Version: “… for I have espoused you to one Husband, that I may present you as a chaste virgin to Christ”).
(11) dēficerent: “stray, fall short”
Dominō adiuvante: ablative absolute (“with the Lord’s help”)
praedicandō: ablative of means
(12) quamvīs multō tempore illō labōrante: multō tempore is ablative (for accusative) of extent of time; illō labōrante is an ablative absolute: “though he labored for a long time….”
in verbō: “in preaching the word” (Colgrave and Mynors).
“Deus … Chrīstī”: 2 Corinthians 4:4 (Vulgate).
Deus saeculī huius: “the god of this age,” i.e., Satan.
inlūminātiō ēvangeliī glōriae Chrīstī: literally, “the illumination of the Gospel of the glory of Christ.” This appears to be an instance of St. Jerome, in the Vulgate, using the genitive of an abstract noun in place of an adjective (see Bede’s Latin A.1.2); the KJV translates: “the light of the glorious gospel of Christ.”
KING EDWIN SURVIVES AN ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT
(13) vocābulō: “by name”
Occidentālium Saxonum: the West Saxons
Cuichelmō: Cwichelm, king of the West Saxons, was first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 614, and last mentioned in 636.
spērāns sē … prīvātūrum: spērāns introduces the accusative-infinitive of indirect discourse; understand esse with prīvātūrum (“hoping that he would deprive…”).
rēgnō simul et vītā: prīvāre, “to deprive of,” takes the ablative of separation.
sīcam bicipitem: a double-edged dagger. In Hebrews 4:12, the word of God is described as “sharper than any double-edged sword” (penetrabilior omnī gladiō ancipitī, Vulgate).
ferrī vulnus: the wound from the blade
(14) prīmō diē paschae: Easter Day
amnem Derventiōnem: the River Derwent, in Northumbria (a tributary of the Tyne).
villa: “hall” (Colgrave-Mynors), or “royal estate” (DMLBS, villa 1.b)
ēvāgīnātā ... sicā: ablative absolute
peste venēnī: “the sickness caused by the poison.” See DMLBS, pestis 2 and, for the “appositional” genitive, AG 343.g.
(15) quō ... dēfenderet: relative clause of purpose (AG 531.2): “to defend the king”
(16) Quī: i.e., the assassin Eumer
THE BIRTH AND BAPTISM OF KING EDWIN'S DAUGHTER EANFLÆD
(17) Aeanfled: Eanflæd (626 to ca. 685), who became the second wife of King Oswiu of Northumbria (married 642), and abbess of Whitby from ca. 680 until her death.
(18) ē contrā: “on the other hand”
precibus suīs: ablative of means
adstruere, quod ... obtinuerit ... prōcreāret: indirect statement with quod, introduced by adstruere (“to add”: the infinitive follows coepit). The perfect subjunctive obtinuerit is treated as a verb in secondary sequence, hence it is followed by the imperfect subjunctive (prōcreāret) in the subordinate clause.
(19) pugnantī: agrees with sibi (“if he [Christ] would give life and victory to him [Edwin] in his fight…”).
absque: = sine (post-classical)
sobolem: = subolem > suboles -is m., an elevated word for “offspring, child”
in pignus prōmissiōnis inplendae: “as a pledge of the fulfilment of his promise”
Chrīstō … Paulīnō: Chrīstō is the dative indirect object of cōnsecrandum and Paulīnō is the dative indirect object of adsignāvit.
pentēcostēs: genitive of a Greek first declension noun (AG 44)
cum XI aliīs dē familiā eius: that is, with 12 other members of Edwin's household; eius refers to Edwin.
KING EDWIN DEFEATS THE WEST SAXONS AND CONSIDERS THE CHRISTIAN FAITH
(20) bellō initō: ablative absolute: “when the war had started” or “in the course of his campaign” (Colgrave and Mynors).
ūniversōs: “everyone, “all those”
(21) ex quō: understand tempore (“from the time when…”).
(22) Vērum prīmō: “but first of all”
dīligentius: with ēdiscere and cōnferre
ex tempore: “as occasion offered”
et … et: “both … and”
ēdiscere ... cōnferre: both complementary infinitives with curāvit (“he took care to learn ... and to consult …”).
prīmātibus: “earls, barons,” DMLBS, primas 1.
quōs sapientiōrēs nōverat: sapientiōrēs is a predicate adjective: “whom he considered wisest.”
quid ... arbitrārentur: indirect question (AG 574) introduced by cōnferre (“to discuss what …”).
agendum: understand esse (“what they thought ought to be done …”).
(23) nātūrā: ablative of specification (AG 418): “by nature”
quid ... faciendum, quae ... servanda: indirect questions, introduced by tractābat (“he was considering what …”).
