40.7 Some masculine and feminine nouns/adjectives – e.g., those whose stems end in –ερ, –εσ, –ι, and –υ– use just their STEM for the vocative singular.
- παραδίδως, ὦ πάτερ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Father, you are betraying your country.
- πατήρ (stem = πατερ) → πάτερ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ μῆτερ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Mother, you are betraying your country.
- μήτηρ (stem = μητερ) → μῆτερ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ θύγατερ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Daughter, you are betraying your country.
- θυγάτηρ (stem = θυγατερ) → θύγατερ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ ἄνερ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Man, you are betraying your country.
- ἀνήρ (stem = ἀνερ) → ἄνερ (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ Σώκρατες, τὴν πατρίδα.
- Socrates, you are betraying your country.
- Σωκράτης (stem = Σωκρατες) → Σώκρατες (voc.)
- παραδίδως, ὦ βασιλεῦ, τὴν πατρίδα.
- King, you are betraying your country.
- βασιλεύς (stem = βασιλευ) → βασιλεῦ (voc.)
40.8 1st DECLENSION MASCULINE nouns also usually use just their stem.
- παραδίδως, ὦ Ἑρμῆ, τὴν πατρίδα μου.
- Hermes, you are betraying my country.
- Ἑρμῆς (nominative) → Ἑρμῆ (voc.)