"Αἰολίην δ᾽ ἐς νῆσον ἀφικόμεθ᾽· ἔνθα δ᾽ ἔναιεν
Αἴολος Ἱπποτάδης, φίλος ἀθανάτοισι θεοῖσιν,
πλωτῇ ἐνὶ νήσῳ· πᾶσαν δέ τέ μιν πέρι τεῖχος
χάλκεον ἄρρηκτον, λισσὴ δ᾽ ἀναδέδρομε πέτρη.
τοῦ καὶ δώδεκα παῖδες ἐνὶ μεγάροις γεγάασιν,5
ἓξ μὲν θυγατέρες, ἓξ δ᾽ υἱέες ἡβώοντες·
ἔνθ᾽ ὅ γε θυγατέρας πόρεν υἱάσιν εἶναι ἀκοίτις.
οἱ δ᾽ αἰεὶ παρὰ πατρὶ φίλῳ καὶ μητέρι κεδνῇ
δαίνυνται, παρὰ δέ σφιν ὀνείατα μυρία κεῖται,
κνισῆεν δέ τε δῶμα περιστεναχίζεται αὐλῇ10
ἤματα· νύκτας δ᾽ αὖτε παρ᾽ αἰδοίῃς ἀλόχοισιν
εὕδουσ᾽ ἔν τε τάπησι καὶ ἐν τρητοῖσι λέχεσσι.
καὶ μὲν τῶν ἱκόμεσθα πόλιν καὶ δώματα καλά.
μῆνα δὲ πάντα φίλει με καὶ ἐξερέεινεν ἕκαστα,
Ἴλιον Ἀργείων τε νέας καὶ νόστον Ἀχαιῶν·15
καὶ μὲν ἐγὼ τῷ πάντα κατὰ μοῖραν κατέλεξα.
ἀλλ᾽ ὅτε δὴ καὶ ἐγὼν ὁδὸν ᾔτεον ἠδ᾽ ἐκέλευον
πεμπέμεν, οὐδέ τι κεῖνος ἀνήνατο, τεῦχε δὲ πομπήν.
δῶκε δέ μ᾽ ἐκδείρας ἀσκὸν βοὸς ἐννεώροιο,
ἔνθα δὲ βυκτάων ἀνέμων κατέδησε κέλευθα·20
κεῖνον γὰρ ταμίην ἀνέμων ποίησε Κρονίων,
ἠμὲν παυέμεναι ἠδ᾽ ὀρνύμεν, ὅν κ᾽ ἐθέλῃσι.
νηὶ δ᾽ ἐνὶ γλαφυρῇ κατέδει μέρμιθι φαεινῇ
ἀργυρέῃ, ἵνα μή τι παραπνεύσει᾽ ὀλίγον περ·
αὐτὰρ ἐμοὶ πνοιὴν Ζεφύρου προέηκεν ἀῆναι,25
ὄφρα φέροι νῆάς τε καὶ αὐτούς: οὐδ᾽ ἄρ᾽ ἔμελλεν
ἐκτελέειν· αὐτῶν γὰρ ἀπωλόμεθ᾽ ἀφραδίῃσιν.
ἐννῆμαρ μὲν ὁμῶς πλέομεν νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρ,
τῇ δεκάτῃ δ᾽ ἤδη ἀνεφαίνετο πατρὶς ἄρουρα,
καὶ δὴ πυρπολέοντας ἐλεύσσομεν ἐγγὺς ἐόντες·30
ἔνθ᾽ ἐμὲ μὲν γλυκὺς ὕπνος ἐπήλυθε κεκμηῶτα,
αἰεὶ γὰρ πόδα νηὸς ἐνώμων, οὐδέ τῳ ἄλλῳ
δῶχ᾽ ἑτάρων, ἵνα θᾶσσον ἱκοίμεθα πατρίδα γαῖαν·
οἱ δ᾽ ἕταροι ἐπέεσσι πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον,
καί μ᾽ ἔφασαν χρυσόν τε καὶ ἄργυρον οἴκαδ᾽ ἄγεσθαι35
δῶρα παρ᾽ Αἰόλου μεγαλήτορος Ἱπποτάδαο.
ὧδε δέ τις εἴπεσκεν ἰδὼν ἐς πλησίον ἄλλον·
‘ὦ πόποι, ὡς ὅδε πᾶσι φίλος καὶ τίμιός ἐστιν
ἀνθρώποις, ὅτεών τε πόλιν καὶ γαῖαν ἵκηται.
πολλὰ μὲν ἐκ Τροίης ἄγεται κειμήλια καλὰ40
ληίδος, ἡμεῖς δ᾽ αὖτε ὁμὴν ὁδὸν ἐκτελέσαντες
οἴκαδε νισσόμεθα κενεὰς σὺν χεῖρας ἔχοντες·
καὶ νῦν οἱ τάδ᾽ ἔδωκε χαριζόμενος φιλότητι
Αἴολος. ἀλλ᾽ ἄγε θᾶσσον ἰδώμεθα ὅττι τάδ᾽ ἐστίν,
ὅσσος τις χρυσός τε καὶ ἄργυρος ἀσκῷ ἔνεστιν.’45
notes
Aeolus lord of the winds befriends Odysseus. Folly of the comrades of Odysseus.
The Greeks sail off, leaving a blind and helpless monster in their wake. They arrive next at the kingdom of Aeolus, a venue that seems at first glance to differ markedly from the domain of Polyphemus: instead of a bloody, earthbound cave, we have an island that floats on the sea; instead of an isolated shepherd who claims he does not need to heed the dictates of the Olympian gods, we have a benign king, “dear to the gods” (2); the Cyclops has no family, while Aeolus has twelve children, divided evenly by sex, blissfully cohabiting in their lovely rooms; after the grotesque, parodic hospitality of the monster, we encounter a charming host, who entertains the Greeks for a month; Polyphemus presides over a cave full of excrement, while Aeolus commands the winds.
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At the same time, the Aeolus episode has some affinities to the Greeks’ more elaborate encounter with the Phaeacians. Like the settlement in Scheria, Aeolus’s airy kingdom is scrubbed clean and somewhat removed from the grittier realities of the Cyclopes’ existence, magical in (for the moment) a non-threatening way. Odysseus is again the purveyor of exciting stories about his journey home; again he speaks to an admiring audience.
This blend of thematic continuity and variation is, as we have seen, typical of the Odyssey. The style of Homeric and other early Greek hexameter poetry, based on repetition on the level of words, phrases, and larger narrative patterns, is thought to have been developed as a vehicle for composition without the aid of writing. From our perspective, encountering the poem as a fixed, written text, the challenge is to understand how the poet used the repeated elements to build meaning by accretion, while keeping the audience steadily engaged with a long and complex story. Sounding a strong contrast with the preceding Cyclops episode, reaching back to the Phaeacians and, as we will see, looking toward later adventures, the Aeolus episode performs both functions. The details, as usual, repay attention.
Once again, we find traces of a common folktale. The magical and/or religious figure in control of the winds appears in stories from all over the world. As in the other episodes drawn from this kind of material in Books 9–12, we see the impress of Homer’s particular vision, shaping the elements of the traditional tale to fit his purposes. First, the poet’s insistence on the hermetic, sealed-off qualities of this kingdom, sheer cliffs topped by bronze ramparts, not offering—like the islands the Greeks have just left—easy access. The familial arrangements are equally self-contained, siblings married off to each other, keeping outsiders at bay. This exclusivity suggests stasis, again reminding us of the isolated society on Scheria—and yet further back, the timeless world of Calypso—while anticipating the sun’s unchanging herd of cattle in Book 12. In the latter case, the unchanging number of livestock may have some cosmological significance, and we might wonder if the negotiations with Aeolus share similar overtones.
The connective tissue that runs through this peculiar episode is control. Aeolus’s desire for tight control of the winds is consistent with the tenor of his entire kingdom, kept from contact with disruptive outsiders. The crew’s lack of self-control, fueled by greed, is the immediate cause for disaster. But we should also note that Odysseus’s distrust of his men plays a part. Determined to control the mission, he refuses to give the helm to anyone else, eventually falling asleep and losing control of his men. The same thing happens in Book 12 when the Greeks reach the island of the cattle of the sun, allowing the crew to kill and eat some of the sacred herd. In both cases, the centripetal version of the hero is on display, mirroring Athena’s insistence on controlling whatever might impede the mission.
Looking through a longer lens, we might find ourselves intrigued by the relationship between two polarities found in this episode and elsewhere in the poem: 1) divine will versus the potentially unruly forces of nature; 2) the tightly controlled world of the heroic return as against the more relaxed, expansive arena of ordinary, non-heroic life in the story. Aeolus has been entrusted by Zeus with the stewardship of the winds, so that his insistence on keeping the bag sealed has the implicit approval of the gods. And having the winds all blow at once would seem to be challenging for sailors. Still, the image of nature as bottled (bagged?) up seems to align the larger project of Zeus, Athena, and Aeolus with the unyielding control that the goddess exerts over the return story. As Zeus remarks in Book 5 (and again at the end of the poem, 24.478–80), the outcome of this story is already arranged:
‘τέκνον ἐμόν, ποῖόν σε ἔπος φύγεν ἕρκος ὀδόντων.
οὐ γὰρ δὴ τοῦτον μὲν ἐβούλευσας νόον αὐτή,
ὡς ἦ τοι κείνους Ὀδυσεὺς ἀποτίσεται ἐλθών;
My child, what sort of word has escaped the barrier of your teeth?
Have you yourself not devised this plan,
that Odysseus would come back and punish those men?
Odyssey 5. 21–23
Keeping potentially disruptive natural forces in the bag, holding off sleep as he grips the tiller, the centripetal Odysseus is intent on overcoming all obstacles to his return home. This tenacity mimics the dominant paradigm in Greek culture for the making of civilization by channeling the chaotic forces of nature. The hero’s crew members are not so civilized, unable to contain their natural impulses. In this, as we have seen, they resemble none other than Odysseus himself in the Cyclops episode. The tug of war between divine control and human impulse will continue until the very end of the poem.
Further Reading
Dimock, G. 1989. The Unity of the Odyssey, 110–111. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
Heubeck, A. and Hoekstra, A. (eds) 1989. A Commentary on Homer’s Odyssey, vol. II, Books IX–XVI, 3–11. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Page, D. 1973. Folktales in Homer’s Odyssey, 73–78. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Reinhardt, K. 1996. “The Adventures in the Odyssey.” In Reading the Odyssey, edited by S. Schein, 87–90. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Thalman, W. 1992. The Odyssey: An Epic of Return, 74–78. New York: Twayne Publishers.
Tracy, S. 1990. The Story of the Odyssey, 51–59. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3 πλωτῇ ἐνὶ νήσῳ: ἐν πλωτῇ νήσῳ.
3 πᾶσαν … μιν πέρι: “all around it,” anastrophe (the preposition follows its noun, causing the accent on the preposition to fall back onto the first syllable).
3 τεῖχος: understand the verb ἐστί with this as the subject.
4 λισσὴ: “sheer.”
4 ἀναδέδρομε: “rises up,” 3rd sing. pf. act. indic. > ἀνατρέχω. The perfect here indicates the enduring result of a completed past action, and hence is translated as a present tense (Smyth 1946).
5 τοῦ: “his,” i.e., of Aeolus.
7 πόρεν: “he provided,” unaugmented impf.
7 υἱάσιν: "sons," dat. pl. (Smyth 285.27).
7 ἀκοίτῑς: = ἀκοίτεις, contracted acc. pl., predicate with θυγατέρας after εἶναι.
9 δαίνυνται: “share a meal,” the usual meaning of the verb.
9 ὀνείατα: “good things.”
10 κνισῆεν: "filled with the smells of cooking," neut. nom. adj., modifying δῶμα.
10 τε: Homer often includes τε with a coordinating conjunction like δέ (Smyth 2972).
10 αὐλῇ: “(around) the courtyard," dative with a compound verb. The house is built around a central courtyard, and the implication seems to be that the sounds of the feasting echo around it all day long.
11 ἤματα: “during the days,” accusative of extent of time.
11 νύκτας: accusative of extent of time.
11 αἰδοίῃς: fem. dat. pl., modifying ἀλόχοισιν.
12 εὕδουσ(ι): the subject is the sons of Aeolus.
12 τρητοῖσι: "perforated," either with holes to affix ornaments, or along the edges for straps to support the bedding.
13 τῶν: “their.”
13 δώματα: can be taken as a singular (Monro 171, Smyth 1000a).
14 μῆνα δὲ πάντα: accusative of extent of time.
14 φίλει: “entertained,” “treated with hospitality,” unaugmented impf.
14 ἕκαστα: “everything.”
15 νέας: "ships," acc. fem. pl. > νηῦς.
16 κατὰ μοῖραν: “in order,” “properly.”
17 ὁδὸν ᾔτεον: "I asked for passage," that is, "I asked to be given the means for continuing my journey."
17 ᾔτεον: 1st sing. impf. act. indic. > αἰτέω.
18 πεμπέμεν: infin.
18 ἀνήνατο: aor. > ἀναίνομαι.
18 τεῦχε: “prepared” = ἔτευχε, unaugmented impf.
19 δῶκε: = ἔδωκε, unaugmented aor.
19 μ᾽: μοι.
19 ἐκδείρας ἀσκὸν βοὸς ἐννεώροιο: “a wine-skin made from the hide of a nine-year-old ox.” lit., “a wine-skin, having removed the skin from a nine-year-old ox.” The genitive is probably governed by the ἐκ in ἐκδείρας.
19 ἐκδείρας: masc. nom. ptc., agreeing with the subject of δῶκε (i.e., Aeolus).
20 ἔνθα: “there” (i.e., in the sack).
20 κέλευθα: “the courses,” “the motion.” κέλευθος is usually used metaphorically. The noun ἡ κέλευθος can be either κέλευθοι or κέλευθα in the nominative plural (Smyth 281).
21 ποίησε: unaugmented aor., with external object, κεῖνον (i.e., Aeolus), and predicate accusative, ταμίην (Smyth 1613).
22 παυέμεναι … ὀρνύμεν: infinitives of purpose.
22 ὅν κ᾽ ἐθέλῃσι: “whichever one…,” general reative clause, with the verb assimilated to the subjunctive in secondary sequence. (Monro 298; Smyth 2188b).
22 ἐθέλῃσι, 3rd sing. pres. act. subj.
23 νηῒ δ᾽ἐνὶ: anastrophe.
23 κατέδει: the object is the sack.
24 ἵνα … παραπνεύσει(ε): "so that ... would escape," purpose clause with optative in secondary sequence. The verb παραπνεύω implies air seeping out through a small hole.
24 μή τι … ὀλίγον περ: “nothing, however small.”
25 ἐμοὶ: dative of interest (advantage).
25 πνοιὴν: = πνοὴν.
25 ἀῆναι: "to blow," infinitive of purpose > ἀήμι.
26 ὄφρα φέροι: purpose clause with optative in secondary sequence.
26 αὐτούς: “ourselves.”
26 οὐδ᾽ ἄρ᾽: “but, after all, it was not….” For this use of ἄρα, see Smyth 2795.
27 ἐκτελέειν: “to come to pass.”
27 αὐτῶν: “our own,” modifying ἀφραδίῃσιν.
27 ἀφραδίῃσιν: Epic dat. pl., which can be translated as singular (Monro 171; Smyth 1001).
28 ὁμῶς: "in the same way," that is, without stopping.
28 πλέομεν: unaugmented impf.
28 νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρ: accusative of extent of time.
29 ἀνεφαίνετο: “appeared.”
30 καὶ δὴ: “and already.”
30 πυρπολέοντας: "the men tending the beacon fires," substantive, masc. acc. pl. ptc.
30 ἐόντας: masc. acc. pl. ptc. > εἰμί.
31 ἔνθα: “then," temporal.
31 κεκμηῶτα: “being exhausted,” pf. ptc. masc. acc. sing. > κἀμνω, agreeing with ἐμὲ.
32 πόδα νηὸς: the mainsheet (lit., “the foot of the ship”), the rope attached to the mainsail and used to control the speed of the ship.
32 ἐνώμων: “I was controlling,” impf. > νωμάω.
32 τῳ: τινι, indefinite pron.
33 δῶχ᾽: = ἔδωκα, unaugmented impf.; χ for κ in front of rough breathing.
33 ἵνα … ἱκοίμεθα: purpose clause with optative in secondary sequence.
34 πρὸς ἀλλήλους: “among themselves.”
35 ἔφασαν: “said that …,” indirect discourse with accusative (με) and infinitive (ἄγεσθαι).
35 ἄγεσθαι: ἄγω, in the middle, means “to carry off for oneself.”
37 εἴπεσκεν: “kept talking,” aor. with iterative infix -σκ-.
37 ἰδὼν ἐς: “looking at.”
37 πλησίον ἄλλον: “the one next to him” (lit., “another one near”).
38 ὡς: “how,” exclamation.
39 ὅτεών: “whoever’s,” introducing a general conditional relative clause (indefinite relative clause), with subjunctive without κεν (Smyth 2567b, Monro 283a).
39 τε: the τε is generalizing and untranslatable (Monro 332, Smyth 2972).
40 κειμήλια: “treasures,” neut. noun.
42 σὺν: “together,” adverbial.
43 οἱ: "to him," that is, to Odysseus.
43 τάδ(ε): “these things" (i.e., the sack and its contents).
44 ὅττι: “what,” = ὅ τι, introducing an indirect question.
44 ἐστίν: singular verb with a neuter plural subject.
45 ὅσσος τις: “however much,” indir. question.
45 ἀσκῷ: dative with a compound verb.
vocabulary
Αἰολίη –ης ἡ: the Aeolian isle, residence of Aeolus
ναίω – – – – –: to dwell, inhabit, be situated
Αἴολος –ου ὁ: Aeolus, father of Sisyphos
Ἱπποτάδης –ου ὁ: Hippotades, son of Hippotes, Aeolus
ἀθάνατος –ον: immortal, deathless; (plur.) the gods
πλωτός –ή –όν: floating
μιν: (accusative singular third person pronoun) him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
χάλκεος –α –ον: of bronze
ἄρρηκτος –ον: unbroken, not to be broken
λισσός –ή –όν: smooth
ἀνατρέχω ἀναδραμοῦμαι ἀνέδραμον ἀναδεδράμηκα: to rise up; to run back
πέτρη –ης ἡ: rock, cliffs, shelf of rock
δώδεκα/δυώδεκα: twelve 5
μέγαρον –ου τό: a large room, hall, feast-hall
ἡβάω ἡβήσω ἥβησα ἥβηκα: to be young, to be in the prime of youth
πόρω ––– ἔπορον ––– ––– –––: to offer, furnish, supply, give; (pf. pass. 3 sing.) it is fated
ἄκοιτις –ιος ἡ: a spouse, wife
κεδνός –ή –όν: careful, diligent, sage, trusty
δαίνυμι δαίσω ἔδαισα: (act.) to give a banquet, distribute (food); (mid.) to share a meal; to feast (on), eat (+ acc.)
σφεῖς: they
ὄνειαρ –ατος τό: advantage, profit; (pl.) good things, food
μυρίος –α –ον: numberless, infinite
κνισήεις –εσσα –εν: fragrant with the odor of victims 10
δῶμα –ατος τό: house (often in plural)
περιστεναχίζομαι – – – – –: to echo all round
αὐλή –ῆς ἡ: courtyard; enclosure for livestock; court, residence
ἦμαρ –ατος τό: day
αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand
αἰδοῖος –α –ον: respectable, venerable; respectful
ἄλοχος –ου ἡ: wife
εὕδω εὑδήσω εὕδησα: sleep, lie down to sleep
τάπης –ητος ὁ: a carpet, rug
τρητός –ή –όν: perforated, with a hole in it
λέχος –ους τό: a couch, bed
ἱκνέομαι ἵξομαι ἱκόμην ––– ἷγμαι –––: to come, reach
δῶμα –ατος τό: house (often in plural)
μείς μηνός ὁ: month
φιλέω φιλήσω ἐφίλησα πεφίλημαι ἐφιλήθην: to love, hold dear; to entertain as a guest
ἐξερεείνω – – – – –: to inquire into
Ἴλιος –ου ἡ: Troy, Ilion 15
Ἀργεῖος –η –ον: Argive, of or from Argos (Greece)
νόστος –ου ὁ: return (home)
Ἀχαιός –ά –όν: Achaian, Greek
μοῖρα –ας ἡ: part, portion, lot, fate
καταλέγω καταλέξω κατέλεξα κατείλοχα κατείλεγμαι κατελέχθην: to recount, tell at length and in order; (mid.) καταλέχομαι to lie down
ἠδέ: and
ἀναίνομαι ἀνηνοῦμαι ἠνηνάμην: to reject with contempt, turn one's back on, spurn
τεύχω τεύξω ἔτευξα τέτευχα τέτυγμαι ἐτύχθην: to make, build, prepare, fasten; to bring about
πομπή –ῆς ἡ: escort, guidance; arrangement for one's departure
ἐκδέρω ἐκδερῶ ἐξέδειρα – ἐκδέδαρμαι ἐξεδάρθην/ἐξεδάρην: to skin, flay
ἀσκός –οῦ ὁ: a wine-skin; leather purse
ἐννέωρος –ον: nine years old
βύκτης –ου: swelling, blustering 20
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
καταδέω καταδεήσω κατεδέησα καταδεδέηκα καταδεδέημαι κατεδεήθην: to bind, take prisoner, convict, cast a spell on
κέλευθος –ου ἡ: path, with neuter plural κέλευθα
ταμίας –ου ὁ: steward, dispenser
ἄνεμος –ου ὁ: wind
Κρονίων –ωνος ὁ: son of Cronus
ἠμέν: both.. (and), as well.. (as)
ἠδέ: and
ὄρνυμι ὄρσω ὦρσα ὄρωρα ὀρώρεμαι –––: to stir up, move; (mid.) to rise, get up
γλαφῠρός –ά –όν: hollow, deep
καταδέω καταδεήσω κατεδέησα καταδεδέηκα καταδεδέημαι κατεδεήθην: to bind, take prisoner, convict, cast a spell on
μέρμις –ιθος ἡ: a cord, string, rope
φαεινός –ή –όν : bright, brilliant, radiant
ἀργύρεος –α or –έη –ον: silver, of silver
παραπνέω πνευσοῦμαι/πνεύσομαι ἔπνευσα πέπνευκα πέπνευσμαι ἐπνεύσθην: to blow by the side, to escape by a sideway
ἀτάρ (or αὐτάρ): but, yet 25
πνοιή –ῆς ἡ: a blowing, blast, breeze
Ζέφυρος –ου ὁ: Zephyrus, the west wind
προίημι προήσω προῆκα προεῖκα προεῖμαι προείθην: to send ahead; to shoot
ἄημι – – – – –: to breathe hard, blow
ὄφρα: while; until; so that; ὄφρα … τόφρα, while … for so long
ἄρα: now, then, next, thus
ἐκτελέω ἐκτελῶ ἐξετέλεσα ἐκτετέλεκα ἐκτετέλεσμαι ἐξετελέσθην: to bring quite to an end, to accomplish, achieve
ἀφραδία –ας ἡ: folly, thoughtlessness
ἐννῆμαρ: for nine days
ὁμῶς: equally, likewise, alike
ἦμαρ –ατος τό: day
ἀναφαίνω ἀναφανῶ ἀνέφηνα: (act.) to show, reveal, explain; (mid./pass.) appear
ἄρουρα –ας ἡ: plowed or arable land; πατρίς ἄρουρα fatherland, homeland
πυρπολέω πυρπολήσω ἐπυρπόλησα: to light and keep up a fire, watch a fire 30
λεύσσω ––– ––– ––– ––– –––: to look
ἐγγύς: near, like
γλυκύς γλυκεῖα γλυκύ: sweet, pleasant
ὕπνος –ου ὁ: sleep
ἐπέρχομαι ἔπειμι ἐπῆλθον ἐπελήλυθα ––– –––: to approach, arrive; to encounter, come up against, attack
κάμνω καμοῦμαι ἔκαμον κεκήμακα ––– –––: to build, make, produce; to toil, suffer; (mid.) to become exhausted, become worn out; (aor. plur. partic.) those who have been worn out, to be dead
νωμάω νωμήσω νώμησα νενώμηκα νενώμημαι ἐνωμήθην: to handle, wield (for weapons and tools); to distribute
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
ἱκνέομαι ἵξομαι ἱκόμην ––– ἷγμαι –––: to come, reach
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
ἑταῖρος –ου ὁ: comrade, companion
ἀγορεύω ἀγορεύσω ἠγόρευσα ἠγόρευκα ἠγόρευμαι ἠγορεύθην: to speak, say
χρυσός –οῦ ὁ: gold 35
ἄργυρος –ου ὁ: silver
οἴκαδε: homeward
δῶρον –ου τό: gift
Αἴολος –ου ὁ: Aeolus, father of Sisyphos
μεγαλήτωρ –ορος: great - hearted, proud
Ἱπποτάδης –ου ὁ: Hippotades, son of Hippotes, Aeolus
πλησίος –α –ον: near
πόποι: alas! alack! well-a-day!
τίμιος (–α) –ον: value, esteemed, precious
γαίη –ης ἡ: land, region, district
ἱκνέομαι ἵξομαι ἱκόμην ––– ἷγμαι –––: to come, reach
Τροίη –ης ἡ: Troy 40
κειμήλιος –ου τό: asset, treasure
ληΐς –ίδος ἡ: booty, spoil
αὖτε: in turn, moreover, still, again, on the other hand
ὁμός –ή –όν: same
ἐκτελέω ἐκτελῶ ἐξετέλεσα ἐκτετέλεκα ἐκτετέλεσμαι ἐξετελέσθην: to bring quite to an end, to accomplish, achieve
οἴκαδε: homeward
νίσσομαι νίσομαι ἐνισάμην: to go, go away
κενός –ή –όν: empty, void of +gen.
ἕ: him, her, it; himself, herself, itself
χαρίζομαι χαρίσομαι ἐχαρισάμην κεχάρισμαι ––– ἐχαρίσθην: to do a kindness, favor, gratify, give freely
φιλότης –ητος ἡ: love, friendship
Αἴολος –ου ὁ: Aeolus, father of Sisyphos
ἄγε: come! come on! well!
χρυσός –οῦ ὁ: gold 45
ἄργυρος –ου ὁ: silver
ἀσκός –οῦ ὁ: a wine-skin; leather purse
ἔνειμι ἐνέσομαι ––– ––– ––– –––: to be in; to be possible