Argonautica IV 183-235

The Argonauts begin their Return

Jason encourages the Argonauts before they make their escape. This is reported in direct speech. By contrast, it is followed by Aietes' threats stated indirectly (though see n. 233-5.)

183  ἐκίδνατο: "was spreading," < κίδναμαι: imperf. ind. pass. 3^rd. sg. (Il. 8.1, 24.695). The episode of winning the Fleece is over and is marked, as it was at the beginning, by a time-indication (109–14n.)

184–5 In Homer, θάμβος often describes astonishment at a new event. στεροπῇ ἴκελον Διός: continues the fire-imagery of 173, φλογὶ εἴκελον.

185  ὦρτο δʼ ἕκαστος / ψαῦσαι ἐελδόμενος: “Everyone rose up, eager to touch it.”

186 δέχθαι: < δέχομαι ("take, accept, receive"): aor. inf. mid. (epic). ἐνὶ χερσὶν ἑῇσιν: for the assonance cf. 194, 196, 197, 199, 204, 211, 213.

187  τῷ δ᾽ ἐπὶ: "and upon it"

188  κάββαλε: "he threw" < καταβάλλω, aor. ind. act. 3^rd. sg. (Homeric).

188   ἐνεείσατο: "he sat (her) down," aor. mid. > ἐνίζω. A slight textual change to πρύμνῃ δ ̓ ἔνι εἴσατο κούρην would invite the reader to contrast the form with the end of line 145, or even 119 in the sense that Jason is ‘establishing’ or ‘setting up’ (LSJ 2. ἵζω) Medea as part of a triumphal monument by sitting her on the Fleece.

189  ἐνθέμενος: “having put her on board.”

189–205: Both leaders exhort their troops before operations commence, although the two sides do not engage (202–4n.). Jason's words are directly reported; Aietes' in indirect speech. Jason’s speech recalls Eur. IT 1385–91.

190  μηκέτι νῦν: a frequent opening of Homeric speeches of exhortation (e.g. Il. 15.426). Jason is again portrayed as indulging in mock heroics. The beginning of his speech is something of an oxymoron: ‘Do not give ground . . . to get away!’

191–2  ἔτλημεν: "we endured," < τλάω: aor. ind. act. 1^st. pl.

193  εὐπαλέως κούρης ὑπὸ δήνεσι κεκράανται: “has easily been accomplished by the girl's skills.” κεκράανται: < κραίνω: perf. ind. m/p. 3^rd. sg. (epic), marking the climax of the complex sentence.

194–5  “With her consent (ἐθέλουσαν), I will bring her (τήν) home as my lawful wife.” This line carries with it dubious connotations; cf. Od. 3.272: (Aegisthus and Clytemnestra) The link with Aegisthus and the deceptions of the end of the Odyssey is a hint at the way in which Jason’s proposal will develop. Jason has made a solemn promise (96–8n.) and undertaking which Medea will have to frighten him into keeping and which he will then break, when offered a better opportunity in Corinth. He is explicit here in describing the union as a marriage, a dubious statement seeing that Medea has been taken from her father, not given by him.

195  οἷά τε: "in as much as," indicating the reason for what said. This is a Homeric usage (LSJ οἷος II.3).

195–7  “But do you save her, as the salvation of the whole of Greece and you yourselves.” There are many parallels for this exhortation in pre-battle oratory. The most famous is probably the anonymous shout before the battle of Salamis at Aesch. Pers. 402–4 (202–4n.). σώετε is forcefully placed, emphasising the contrast between 190–4 (which could be paraphrased as, ‘our αἔθλον has been achieved by Medea’) and the rest of the speech, in which the Argonauts are exhorted to fight for all Achaea.

197  δὴ γάρ που, μάλʼ ὀίομαι: the run of short particles (δὴ γάρ που, μάλ') conveys nervous apprehension at the prospect of encountering Aietes. δὴ γάρ gives strong emphasis, with που adding a note of diffidence (quickly masked by the assertive μάλʼ ὀίομαι). The prospect of being caught by him is the threat and as such his name occupies the first position in the next line.

197–8  εἶσιν ἐρύξων ... ἴμεν: "(Aietes) will come to prevent (us) from going," future participle expressing intention. ἴμεν = ἱέναι, infin. < εἷμι.

199–200 "Therefore every other man through the length of the ship should sit and ply the oars.” For the construction of ἑζόμενος, see K–G II 288. It seems to be  in partial apposition to the main verb (ἐρέσσετε).

200–2  βοείας / ἀσπίδας: is the object of the participle προσχόμενοι (202).

201 δῄων θοὸν ἔχμα βολάων: “a swift barrier against enemy missiles.” The phrase suits a speech in which Jason adopts the role of valiant but verbose leader after the dangerous work has been done by Medea. The simpler phrase would be θοὸν σάκος (1.743). προσχόμενοι: “holding (a shield or a weapon) before one.” ἐπαμύνετε: ironically recalls Hector’s words at Il. 12.243 and military exhortations such as Thuc. 3.14.

202–4 νῦν ἐνὶ χερσὶν . . . ἴσχομεν: “Now we have in our hands . . .” Jason continues the emotive rhetoric. The ascending tricolon with ‘love of country’ embedded between ‘love for children and parents’ adds to the emotion of the appeal. However, as elsewhere in the poem, the theme of a warrior arming or preparations for combat never leads to an actual confrontation. ἑός used for the first person plural is an Alexandrian innovation.

204–5  ἡμετέρῃ . . .ἀρέσθαι: “Hellas depends upon our enterprise, as to whether it will achieve despair or great glory.” Jason's final flourish recalls Sarpedon's similar philosophy at Il. 12.328 as he exhorts Glaucus to attack the Trojan wall. Gylippus and the Spartan generals end their final speech with a similar aphorism at Thuc. 7.68: “of the dangers these are the rarest when failure brings no great loss and success confers no little gain”, and there is a similar sentiment at Catull. 64.102 aut mortem appeteret Theseus aut praemia laudis.

204  ἐπερείδεται: the metaphorical use of the verb enhances Jason’s appeal, together with the use of ἐφορμῇ. While the verb (ἐφορμάω) is common in Homer, the noun occurs only at Od. 22.130 μία δ ̓ οἴη γίνετ ̓ ἐφορμή. The Spartan king Archidamus expresses a similar martial sentiment before an invasion of Attica at Thuc. 2.11.2 ἡ γὰρ Ἑλλὰς πᾶσα τῇδε τῇ ὁρμῇ ἐπῆρται. At the end of such a speech the expected sentiment is ‘Let us do our best and either win glory or die in the attempt.’ κατηφείη, ‘dejection’ is more in keeping with Jason’s character as a sometime sufferer of ἀμηχανία.

206-7  ὥς φάτο . . . μεμαῶτες: as often, a loud roar greets the encouragement to battle.

208   recalls Od. 10.126–7 (Odysseus’s flight from the Laestrygonians) A. omits the formulaic adjectives (ὀξὺ, κυανοπρῴροιο), shortens the formula by leaving out παρὰ μηροῦ and instead of ἐρυσσάμενος he uses σπασσάμενος. He adopts a more complicated word order (nn. 83–4, 143–4), with hyperbaton of ξίφος . . . σπασσάμενος, separation of πρυμναῖα and πείσματ(α), and tmesis of ἀποκόπτω. πρυμναῖα is a coinage by A. The usual phrases occur at Od. 12.148.

209–10  ἄγχι δὲ παρθενικῆς . . . παρέβασκεν: “armed, he took his place, near to the maiden, next to the steersman Ancaeus.” The imagery is both that of charioteer and steersman, even though Jason and Medea are in the prow of the ship. These lines are neatly balanced by 224–7. Framed between is the simile of the leaves and the elaborate description of Aietes in full armour. The focus of the narrative switches between Colchians and Argonauts in almost cinematic fashion.

209 ἰθυντῆρι: ἱθυντήρ is a rare synonym for κυβερνήτης.The verb ἰθυνω is commonly used of guiding a chariot.

210 παρέβασκεν: "took his place next to" + dat. This form of παραβαίνω occurs only at Il. 11.104. The παραβάτης is used of the warrior who stands beside the charioteer ( Il. 23.132.)

210–11  ἐπείγετο . . . ἐκτὸς ἐλάσσαι: ‘The ship sped forward by the rowing of the men very eager to drive the ship outside the river without delay.” A. alludes to longer Homeric formulae such as Od. 4.579–80.

212–13  ἤδη δʼ Αἰήτῃ . . . ἔργ(α) ἐτέτυκτο: “Already Medea's love and deeds were fully known to proud Aietes and all the Colchians.” The sudden transition between Argonauts and Colchians is marked by ἤδη, which often denotes a change of scene. The adjectives περίπυστος and ὑπερήνωρ emphasise the split between father and daughter, the former marking Medea’s now notorious reputation, and the latter alluding to Aietes’ character and used of Pelias, also an overbearing tyrant, at Hes. Th. 995.

214  ἐς δʼ ἀγορὴν ἀγέροντʼ ἐνὶ τεύχεσιν: "They gathered for their meeting, armed.” (Il. 2.92–3, 18.245 ἐς δ ̓ ἀγορὴν ἀγέροντο). It was unusual to attend an agora under arms (Il. 2.808 ). Used here, the phrase suggests that the time for discussion or persuasion is over: only fighting can sort things out now.

214–15 ὅσσα δέ πόντου / κύματα χειμερίοιο κορύσσεται ἐξ ἀνέμοιο: “As many as the waves of the sea raised into a crest by a stormy wind.” The emphasis on the great size of the Colchian horde reminds the reader of the historical parallel of Xerxes and the Persians versus small bands of Greeks. The model for the first part of A.’s simile is Il. 4.422–4.

216–7  ἢ ὅσα φύλλα . . . (τίς ἂν τάδε τεκμήραιτο;): “Or as many as the leaves that fall to the ground in a dense wood in the leaf-shedding month – who could count them?” The accumulated similes enable A. to explore the scene described from every angle. The Colchians are like the waves, but are also compared to falling leaves, numberless but signaling death and futility. περικλαδέος: A. is especially fond of alliteration in π (1.157, 1.169, 1.634, 1.671 and especially 2.937 πρηυτάτου ποταμοῦ, παρεμέτρεον).

217 τίς ἂν τάδε τεκμήραιτο: the rhetorical questions draw the reader into the passage ( Il. 9.77, Pind. O. 2.98–100).

218–19  ὧς οἱ ἀπειρέσιοι . . . μαιμώοντες: “Like this, the hordes were passing by the banks of the river, screaming in their eagerness.” The Colchians are going to an assembly and have not yet set sail (214). In A. παραμετρέω always means ‘pass by’ (cf. 1.595, 1.1166, 2.937). This seems strange until one remembers that ὄχθαι is the ‘built-up’ bank of a river (Il. 21.171–2).

219–21  ὁ δʼ εὐτύκτῳ ἐνὶ δίφρῳ / Αἰήτης . . . πνοιῇσιν ἐειδομένους ἀνέμοιο: “In his finely-wrought chariot Aietes was resplendent with the horses that the Sun had given as swift as the wind.” As the early dawn (110–11) fades and the sun rises, so does Aietes, the son of Helios. His son, Apsyrtus, is sometimes known as Phaethon (3.245,1235, 4.598). The present description of Aietes—spear in one hand, torch in the other, a companion in the chariot—refers to his ancestry. He is conspicuous (μετέπρεπεν) and so his name comes early in the sentence, while ἐειδομένους, used of his horses, suggests physical similarity with gusts of wind. The present passage recalls Il. 8.434 = 13.25–6 which describes the travels of Zeus and Poseidon respectively. These Homeric allusions connect particularly with the parallel scene at 3.1225–45. During this passage Aietes is explicitly compared to Poseidon, who is the patron god of Pelias, Jason’s enemy. Just as Poseidon pursues Odysseus relentlessly, so Aietes will track Jason and Medea. In Aietes’ case, although he has received the gift of swift horses, they will not help him to catch the fleeing Argo.

222–4  σκαιῇ μέν ῥ ̓ ἐνὶ χειρὶ σάκος . . . ἔγχος / ἀντικρὺ τετάνυστο πελώριον: “in his left hand, raising his circular shield and in the other a huge torch, and beside him lay his mighty spear, close at hand.” The Homeric warrior brandishes his spear but uses his shield for protection Il. 8.424. At the moment Aietes is more concerned to light the morning gloom with his torch and burn the Argo than to fling his spear after a fleeing Jason. The massive spear reminds us of his prowess as a fighter, but the torch conveys the imminent threat and its blaze suits the son of the Sun. Alliteration of π reinforces the threat that Aietes’ torch presents for the retreating Argo. Callimachus alludes to the story in passing in a different context (fr. 7.19– 21: The return of the Argonauts and the rite at Anaphe). Hector appears twice with a spear ‘eleven cubits’ long (Il. 6.319, 8.494); Achilles’ enormous spear is described at Il. 16.141 = 19.388. Aietes has temporarily put his spear to one side. For τανύω with ἔγχος, see Od. 15.282–3. ἀντικρύ stresses that the spear is to hand, ready for action. πελώριον fits with the picture of an Aietes of superhuman stature.

224–5  ἡνία δ ̓ ἵππων / γέντο χεροῖν Ἄψυρτος: “and Apsyrtus seized in his hands the reins of the steeds.” A adds a lexical rarity (γέντο = εἵλε / εἵλετο) and writes χεροῖν instead of χερσίν. Homer has γέντο δὲ χειρί (Il. 18.476), γέντο δ ̓ ἱμάσθλην (Il. 8.43), Call. h. 6.43 γέντο δὲ χειρί; no other part of this verb occurs in extant literature. The section ends, perhaps with sinister significance, by naming Apsyrtus and then switching in the middle of the line to the escaping Argo.

225–7  ὑπεκπρὸ δὲ πόντον ἔταμνεν / νηῦς . . . ῥεέθρῳ: “But already the ship was beginning to cut through the sea, urged on by its strong oarsmen, and the stream of the mighty river rushing down.” The scene reverts back to the Argo. The unusual ὑπεκπροτάμνω marks the switch to the Argo and stresses that the Argonauts were making the quickest possible getaway. The ship leaps forward as it gathers speed. This is also underlined by ἤδη marking a change of scene or stressing the immediate moment. The prominent position of νηῦς makes the Argo into a character in its own right. The rare καταβλώσκω (in Homer only at Od. 16.466) is used instead of κατέρχομαι.

228–30  αὐτὰρ ἄναξ . . . παρασχεδὸν ἤπυε λαῷ: “But the king in grievous anguish lifted his hands, calling on Helios and Zeus to bear witness to their evil deeds; and, from close at hand, uttered terrible threats against all his people.” Aietes utters his threats at short range (παρασχεδὸν ἔκφατο μῦθον). The threatening nature of Aietes’ words is emphasised by the frequency of π (ἤπυε with παρασχεδόν, together with the tricolon πάντα ~ πάντα ~ πᾶσαν; There is irony involved in the phrase κακῶν . . . ἔργων, as there are still more evil deeds to come – the death of Apsyrtus. The gesture of raised arms and hands is a universal one in ancient cultures, when seeking to invoke divine powers. For combined appeals to both Zeus and Helios, with Zeus first, cf. Il. 3.276-7, For Helios as witness of right dealing: Od. 8.271, 302.

231–5  Aietes’ threats to his people, reported in indirect speech, contrast with Jason’s pre-battle rhetoric (6–9n.). The speech’s violence is intensified by the jerky syntax and word order, the forced antithesis between ‘land and sea’ at 231, the awkward word order at 232 and the violent change of subject from ἄξουσιν to ἐνιπλήσει. The speech characterises a barbarian tyrant uttering imprecations against a band of Greeks.

231–3  εἰ μή οἱ κούρην . . . ἄξουσιν: “that unless they immediately captured his daughter, through their own efforts and brought her to him, whether they found her on land or found the ship, on the swell of the navigable sea.” Here αὐτάγρετος means ‘immediate capture by one’s own hands or efforts.’ The syntax of ἢ πλωτῆς εὑρόντες is disjointed, conveying Aietes’ anger.

233–5  καὶ θυμὸν . . . ὑποδέγμενοι ἄτην: “and he will fulfil his angry rage, eager to avenge everything that had happened, they will learn with their heads all his anger and experience the fullest of his misfortune.” This is the kind of language associated with tyrants such as Dareios, and Antigonos (228–30n.). The violent expression, δαήσονται κεφαλῇσι recalls Il. 4.161–2, Od. 22.217–8. ἑὴν ὑποδέγμενοι ἄτην: Od. 13.310 = 16.189. By their suffering the Colchians will learn what the king is suffering in losing his daughter and the Fleece. ἑός: used for the third person plural. A recently published papyrus (P.Oxy. 5425) has δαήσεσθε, which may necessitate a reassessment of how Aietes’ speech is understood; see further (Benaissa, Slattery, and Henry 2019, 107). The switch from indirect to direct speech in the middle of an oration is unique in Greek epic. The text printed is owed to Ed. Princeps.