<Vt occīsō Eduīne Paulīnus Cantiam rediēns Hrofēnsis ecclēsiae praesulātum suscēperit>

[1] At vērō Eduīnī cum X et VII annīs gentī Anglōrum simul et Brettōnum glōriōsissimē praeesset, ē quibus sex etiam ipse, ut dīximus, Chrīstī rēgnō mīlitāvit, rebellāvit adversus eum Caedvalla rēx Brettōnum, auxilium praebente illī Pendā virō strēnuissimō dē rēgiō genere Merciōrum, quī et ipse ex eō tempore gentis eiusdem rēgnō annīs XX et duōbus variā sorte praefuit; et cōnsertō gravī proeliō in campō, quī vocātur Haethfelth, occīsus est Eduīnī diē quartō īduum Octobrium, annō dominicae incarnātiōnis DCXXXIII, cum esset annōrum XL et VIII; eiusque tōtus vel interemtus vel dispersus est exercitus. [2] In quō etiam bellō ante illum ūnus fīlius eius Osfrid iuvenis bellicōsus cecidit, alter Eadfrid necessitāte cōgente ad Pendam rēgem trānsfūgit, et ab eō postmodum, rēgnante Osvaldō, contrā fidem iūris iūrandī peremtus est.

[3] Quō tempore maxima est facta strāges in ecclēsiā vel gente Nordanhymbrōrum, maximē quod ūnus ex ducibus, ā quibus ācta est, pāgānus, alter, quia barbarus erat pāgānō saevior. [4] Sīquidem Penda cum omnī Merciōrum gente īdōlīs dēditus, et Chrīstiānī erat nōminis ignārus; at vērō Caedvalla, quamvīs nōmen et professiōnem habēret Chrīstiānī, adeō tamen erat animō ac mōribus barbarus, ut nē sexuī quidem muliebrī vel innocuae parvulorum parceret aetātī, quīn ūniversōs atrōcitāte ferīnā mortī per tormenta contrāderet, multō tempore tōtās eōrum prōvinciās dēbacchandō pervagātus, ac tōtum genus Anglōrum Brittāniae fīnibus ērāsūrum sē esse dēlīberāns. [5] Sed nec religiōnī Chrīstiānae, quae apud eōs exorta erat, aliquid impendēbat honōris. [6] Quippe cum usque hodiē mōris sit Brettōnum, fidem religiōnemque Anglōrum prō nihil habēre, neque in aliquō eīs magis commūnicāre quam pāgānīs. [7] Allātum est autem caput Eduīnī rēgis Eburācum, et illātum posteā in ecclēsiam beātī apostolī Petrī, quam ipse coepit, sed successor eius Osvald perfēcit, ut suprā docuimus, positum est in porticū sānctī pāpae Gregoriī, ā cuius ipse discipulīs verbum vītae suscēperat.

[8] Turbātis itaque rēbus Nordanhymbrōrum huius articulō clādis, cum nīl alicubi praesidiī nisi in fugā esse vidērētur, Paulīnus assūmtā sēcum rēgīnā Aedilbergē, quam prīdem addūxerat, rediit Cantiam nāvigiō, atque ab Honōriō archiepiscopō et rēge Eadbaldō multum honōrificē susceptus est. [9] Vēnit autem illūc duce Bassō mīlite rēgis Eduīnī fortissimō, habēns sēcum Eanfledam fīliam et Vuscfreān fīlium Eduīnī, nec nōn et Yffī fīlium Osfridī fīliī eius, quōs posteā māter metū Eadbaldī et Osualdī rēgum mīsit in Galliam nūtriendōs rēgī Daegberēctō, quī erat amīcus illīus, ibique ambō in īnfantiā dēfūnctī, et iuxtā honōrem vel rēgiīs puerīs vel innocentibus Chrīstī congruum in ecclēsiā sepultī sunt. [10] Attulit quoque sēcum vāsa pretiōsa Eduīnī rēgis perplura, in quibus et crucem magnam auream, et calicem aureum cōnsecrātum ad ministerium altāris, quae hāctenus in ecclēsiā Cantiae cōnservāta mōnstrantur.

[11] Quō in tempore Hrofēnsis ecclēsia pāstōrem minimē habēbat, eō quod Rōmānus praesul illīus ad Honōrium pāpam ā Iūstō archiepiscopō lēgātārius missus absortus fuerat flūctibus Ītalicī maris; ac per hoc cūram illīus praefātus Paulīnus invītātiōne Honōriī antistitis et Eadbaldī rēgis suscēpit ac tenuit, usque dum et ipse suō tempore ad caelestia rēgna cum glōriōsī frūctū labōris ascendit. [12] In quā ecclēsiā moriēns pallium quoque, quod ā Rōmānō pāpā accēperat, relīquit.

[13] Relīquerat autem in ecclēsiā suā Eburācī Iācōbum diāconum, virum utique ecclesiasticum et sānctum, quī multō exhinc tempore in ecclēsiā manēns magnās antīquō hostī praedās docendō et baptīzandō ēripuit; cuius nōmine vīcus, in quō maximē solēbat habitāre, iuxtā Cataractam, usque hodiē cognōminātur. [14] Quī, quoniam cantandī in ecclēsiā erat perītissimus, recuperātā postmodum pace in prōvinciā et crēscente numerō fidēlium, etiam magister ecclēsiasticae cantiōnis iuxtā mōrem Rōmānōrum sīve Cantuāriōrum multīs coepit existere; et ipse senex ac plēnus diērum, iuxtā scrīptūrās, patrum viam secūtus est.

    THE DEATH OF EDWIN

    King Edwin died on October 12, 633, in the Battle of Hatfield Chase, where he faced an army led by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia. His son Osfrith was killed in the battle; another son, Eadfrith, was taken prisoner and later killed by Penda. In the aftermath of the battle, the surviving members of Edwin's family fled to Kent with Bishop Paulinus.

    (1) Chrīstī rēgnō militāvit: “he was a soldier for the kingdom of Christ”

    Cædwalla: Cadwallon ap Cadfan, king of the British kingdom of Gwynedd (northern Wales) from ca. 625 to 634.

    Penda: king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia from ca. 626 to 655.

    annīs XX et IIbus: “for 22 years”: ablative used to express extent of time

    variā sorte: “with varied fortunes”

    Haethfelth: Hatfield Chase, in South Yorkshire. See Atlas.

    diē IIII Īduum Octobrium: October 12

    (2) ante illum: “before him” (illum refers to Edwin): either temporal (“earlier than him”), or spatial (“in front of his very eyes”)

    contrā fidem iūris iūrandī: “against his oath.” Iūs iurandum, “oath,” is sometimes treated as a single neuter noun (LS, iusiurandum; AG 13), genitive iurisiurandī.

    VIOLENCE AND INSTABILITY AFTER EDWIN'S DEATH

    (3) vel: “and”

    (4) Sīquidem: “Inasmuch as …”

    ut nē … quidem: “so that not even …” (AG 322.f)

    parceret: parcere takes a dative object

    quīn: “but”

    multō tempore: ablative expressing extent of time: “for a long time”

    dēbacchandō pervagātus: “be wandered in a rage”

    tōtum genus … dēlīberāns: dēlīberāns (“resolving”) introduces the accuastive-infinitive construction of indirect statement; rearrange as: dēlīberāns sē ērāsūrum esse tōtum genus …

    (5) Sed nec: “nor”

    (6) Quippe cum: quippe emphasizes the causal cum: “since (of course).” AG 549.

    mōris sit Brettōnum: mōris is a special case of the possessive genitive; see AG 343.c: “it is (of) the custom of the Britons to …”

    prō nihil habēre: “to consider worthless” (LS, nihil II)

    neque in aliquō … pāgānīs: rearrange as: neque in aliquō commūnicāre eīs magis quam pāgānīs. The verb commūnicāre, “to associate, have social intercourse or dealings with,” takes a dative.

    (7) Eburācum: “to York

    in porticū: a porticus, here, is a side chapel in a church.

    ā cuius ipse discipulīs ... suscēperat: = ā cuius discipulīs ipse ... suscēperat; ipse refers to Edwin. The word order emphasizes discipulīs.

    PAULINUS FLEES NORTHUMBRIA

    (8) huius articulō clādis: articulus (“a joint”), here means “a turning point” or “crisis.” The ablative is an ablative of time when.

    quam prīdem addūxerat: Paulinus had accompanied Æthelburh from Kent to Northumbria when she came to marry Edwin; see 2.9.

    Cantiam: ad Cantiam; the preposition is regularly omitted with names of kingdoms.

    Honōriō archiepiscopō: Honorius was Archbishop of Canterbury from 627 to 653. He had been consecrated by Paulinus at Lincoln.

    rēge Eadbaldō: Eadbald, king of Kent, was the son of Æthelberht and Bertha, and reigned from 616 to 640.

    multum honoroficē: “very honorably” ( DMLBS, multus 7.b).

    (9) duce Bassō: abl. abs.: “with Bass as the leader,” “in the charge of Bass.”

    Eanfledam: Eanflæd (626–685) survived to become the second wife of King Oswiu of Northumbria. After Oswiu’s death, she entered Streanæshalc (Whitby) abbey, and succeeded her mother Æthelburh as abbess in about 680. Little is known about Edwin’s other children mentioned here; Wuscfrea and Yffi are mentioned in 2.14.

    nūtriendōs: gerundive indicating purpose

    rēgī Daegberēctō: Dagobert I ruled as king of the Franks from 629 to 634. He was Æthelburh’s second cousin (the grand-nephew of Charibert, Æthelburh’s maternal grandfather).

    PAULINUS CONSECRATED BISHOP OF ROCHESTER

    (11) Hrofēnsis: of Rochester

    eō quod: “because”

    Rōmānus: second Bishop of Rochester (ca. 624–ca. 627). Nothing else is known about Romanus or his mission to Rome.

    Iūstō archiepiscopō: Justus, the fourth Archbishop of Canterbury (624–ca. 631) and first Bishop of Rochester (604–624).

    absortus fuerat: “had been drowned,” shifted pluperfect of absorbeō, -ēre, = absorptus erat.

    Ītalicī maris: the Mediterranean

    et ipse: et = etiam

    (12) pallium: the pallium is a garment presented to an archbishop as a symbol of his office. Pope Honorius sent the pallium to Paulinus in June 634 to recognize him as Archbishop of York, but the pallium did not arrive until Paulinus was forced to flee Northumbria. Paulinus, therefore, never actually served as Archbishop of York.

    Rōmānō pāpā: Pope Honorius (reigned 625–38).

    JAMES THE DEACON

    Mayr-Harting writes eloquently: “The ending of the second book is more than apt; it is profoundly dramatic. After the clashes between Augustine and the British bishops, the conversions and relapses of the southern kingdoms, the laborious efforts to convert King Edwin, and the final disaster of Edwin’s defeat and death and Paulinus’s flight from Northumbria, a great calm comes over the last lines” (42).

    (13) Iācōbum diāconum: James the Deacon; he is also mentioned briefly in 2.16, 3.25, and 4.2.

    vīcus: village; nothing more is known about this village, except what Bede tells us.

    maximē: for the most part, usually

    cuius nōmine ... cognōminātur: cuius refers to James (“by whose name it is known ...”).

    Cataractam: Catterick, North Yorkshire (also mentioned in 2.14 as a place where Paulinus evangelized).

    (14) cantandī: genitive after perītissimus: “most skillful at singing”

    magister … multīs coepit existere: “he began to be a teacher for many,” i.e., “he began to instruct many people in” + gen. (see DMLBS, exsistere 5).

    ecclēsiasticae cantiōnis iuxtā mōrem Rōmānōrum sīve Cantuāriōrum: Gregorian chant

    NOTE: Lemmatization of Anglo-Saxon Names
    —: declined forms unattested
    [ ]: nominative forms unattested (back-formed for purposes of lemmatization)
    *: form unattested but hypothesized based on existing patterns


    Aeduini –ī m.: Edwin, King of the Northumbrians, 616-633

    Anglī –ōrum m.: the Angles, a Germanic tribe; the English

    Britannī –ōrum m.: Britons

    glōriōsus –a –um: full of glory

    praesum praeesse praefuī praefutūrus: to be before; be present

    sex; sextus –a –um: 6; 6th

    Christus –ī m.: Christ

    mīlitō mīlitāre mīlitāvī mīlitātus: to serve as a soldier

    rebellō –āre: revolt, rebel

    Caedualla –an m.: Cadwallon, King of Gwynedd, d.634

    Britannī –ōrum m.: Britons

    Penda — m. (accusative: Pendan): Penda, King of the Mercians, 626/632-655

    vīrus –ī n.: bodily fluid, secretion

    strēnuus –a –um: brisk, prompt, vigorous

    Merciī –ōrum m.: the Mercians, the people of the march, or midlands

    praesum praeesse praefuī praefutūrus: to be before; be present

    cōnserō –ere –seruī –sertus: to tie together; join

    Haethfelth: Hatfield Chase near Doncaster

    occidō occidere occidī occāsus: to go down; set; fall

    Aeduini –ī m.: Edwin, King of the Northumbrians, 616-633

    īdūs īduum (pl. f.): the Ides

    Octōber –bris –bre: of or pertaining to October

    dominicus –ī m.: Sunday

    incarnātiō –ōnis f.: incarnation

    interimō interimere interēmī interēmptus: to destroy

    dispergō –ere –spersī –spersus: to sprinkle

    Osfrid –ī m.: Osfrith, Son of Edwin 2 of Northumbria, d.633

    bellicōsus –a –um: warlike

    Eadfrid –ī* m.: Eadfrith, Son of Edwin 2 of Northumbria, killed 634x642

    trānsfugiō –fugere –fūgī: to take flight, flee; to defect, desert, go over (to)

    postmodum: afterwards

    rēgnō rēgnāre rēgnāvī rēgnātus: to rule

    Osuald –ī m.: Oswald, King of the Northumbrians, 634-642

    iūs iūrandum iūris iūrandī n.: oath

    iūs iūrandum iūris iūrandī n.: oath

    perimō –ere –ēmī –ēmptus: to take away completely; annihilate

    māximus –a –um: greatest; maxime: most, especially, very much

    strāgēs –is f.: prostrating; slaughter

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    Nordanhymbri –ōrum m.: the Northumbrians, people living north of the Humber estuary

    maximē: most greatly

    quod: the fact that

    pāgānus –a –um: pagan

    pāgānus –a –um: pagan

    siquidem: if only, if indeed

    Penda — m. (accusative: Pendan): Penda, King of the Mercians, 626/632-655

    Merciī –ōrum m.: the Mercians, the people of the march, or midlands

    īdōlum or īdōlon –ī n.: an idol; ghost

    dēdō dēdere dēdidī dēditus: to give up, surrender

    Chrīstiānus –a –um: Christian

    īgnārus –a –um: ignorant

    Caedualla –an m.: Cadwallon, King of Gwynedd, d.634

    professiō –iōnis f.: confession of faith

    Chrīstiānus –a –um: Christian

    sexus –ūs m.: a sex (male or female)

    muliebris muliebris muliebre: feminine

    innocuus –a –um: harmless

    parvulus –a –um: very small

    ūniversus –a –um: entire

    atrōcitās atrōcitātis n.: fierceness

    ferīnus –a –um: of wild beasts

    tormentum tormentī n.: torture

    contrādō –dere –didi –ditum: to deliver together or wholly

    multō: by much, greatly

    dēbacchor –bacchārī: to rage, vent fury (on)

    per–vagor –vagārī: to wander over, overrun

    Anglī –ōrum m.: the Angles, a Germanic tribe; the English

    Britannia –ae f.: Britain

    ērādō ērādere ērāsī ērāsum: strip off, scrape away; erase, delete; wipe out, destroy

    dēlīberō dēlīberāre dēlīberāvī dēlīberātus: to consider, deliberate

    religiō religiōnis f.: religion

    Chrīstiānus –a –um: Christian

    exorior exorīrī exortus sum: to rise up, proceed

    impendo –ere –di –pensus: to devote

    Britannī –ōrum m.: Britons

    religiō religiōnis f.: religion

    Anglī –ōrum m.: the Angles, a Germanic tribe; the English

    commūnicō commūnicāre commūnicāvī commūnicātus: to communicate

    pāgānus –a –um: pagan

    Aeduini –ī m.: Edwin, King of the Northumbrians, 616-633

    Eburācum or Eborācum –ī n.: York

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    apostolus –ī m.: apostle

    Petrus –ī m.: St Peter, the Apostle

    successor –oris m.: a follower, successor

    Osuald –ī m.: Oswald, King of the Northumbrians, 634-642

    perficiō perficere perfēcī perfectus: to complete, accomplish

    positus –a –um: located

    porticus porticus f.: gate

    pāpa –ae or –ātis m.: a father, pope

    Grēgorius –ī m.: Gregory, the Great, pope, 590-604

    discipulus discipulī m.: male student

    Nordanhymbri –ōrum m.: the Northumbrians, people living north of the Humber estuary

    articulus articulī m.: joint, knuckle; finger

    clādēs clādis f.: destruction

    alicubī: somewhere, anywhere

    Paulīnus –ī m.: Paulinus, Bishop of York, 625-633; bishop of Rochester, 633-644

    assūmō (or adsūmō) –sūmere –sūmpsī –sūmptum: to take in addition

    rēgīna rēgīnae f.: queen

    Aedilberga –ae f.: Æthelburg, Daughter of Æthelberht 3 I of Kent; queen of the Northumbrians

    prīdem: long ago

    Cantia –ae f.: a promontory of southeast England, now Kent

    nāvigium –iī n.: boat

    Honōrius –ī m.: Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 627x631-653

    archiepiscopus –ī m.: archbishop

    Eadbald –ī m.: Eadbald, King of Kent, 616-640

    multum: much, a lot

    honōri–ficus –a –um: honorable

    [Bass –ī] m. (ablative: Bassō): Bass, Dux who escorted Æthelburg 1 back to Kent

    Aeduini –ī m.: Edwin, King of the Northumbrians, 616-633

    Eanfled –ae f.: Eanflæd, Queen of Oswiu 1; daughter of Edwin 2, 626-post685

    Uuscfrea — m. (accusative: Uuscfrean): Uscfrea, Son of King Edwin 2 of Northumbria

    Aeduini –ī m.: Edwin, King of the Northumbrians, 616-633

    Yffi — m.: Yffi, Grandson of Edwin 2, d. c.633

    Osfrid –ī m.: Osfrith, Son of Edwin 2 of Northumbria, d.633

    Eadbald –ī m.: Eadbald, King of Kent, 616-640

    Osuald –ī m.: Oswald, King of the Northumbrians, 634-642

    Gallia Galliae f.: Gaul

    nūtriō –īre –īvī or iī –ītus: to nourish

    Daegberect –ī* m.: Dagobert, I, king of Austrasia, 623-33; and Neustria, 629-38

    amīcus amīcī m.: male friend

    ambō ambae ambō: both

    īnfantia –ae f.: infancy; early childhood

    dēfungor dēfungī dēfūnctus sum: to depart, die

    iūxtā: according to

    innocēns: innocent, harmless

    Christus –ī m.: Christ

    congruus –a –um: agreeing, fit, suitable; harmonious, concordant

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    sepeliō sepelīre sepeliī/sepelīvī sepultum: to bury

    vās –is or vāsum –ī n.: vase

    pretiōsus –a –um : expensive, costly, precious

    Aeduini –ī m.: Edwin, King of the Northumbrians, 616-633

    perplūs perplūris: very many more, much more numerous

    crux crucis f.: cross

    calix –icis m.: dish; drinking cup

    cōnsecrātus –a –um: holy, sacred

    ministerium –ī n.: service, ministry

    altāria –ium n.: the upper part of an altar; a high altar

    hāctenus: thus far, so far, of space and time

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    Cantia –ae f.: a promontory of southeast England, now Kent

    cōnservō cōnservāre cōnservāvī cōnservātus: to keep, preserve

    mōnstrō mōnstrāre mōnstrāvī mōnstrātus: to show, point out

    Hrofēnsis –is: of or pertaining to Rochester

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    pāstor pāstōris m.: shepherd

    minimē: not

    quod: the fact that

    Rōmānus –a –um: Roman

    praesul –ulis m.: bishop

    Honōrius –ī m.: Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 627x631-653

    pāpa –ae or –ātis m.: a father, pope

    Jūstus –ī m.: Justus, Bishop of Rochester; Archbishop of Canterbury, 624-627x631

    archiepiscopus –ī m.: archbishop

    lēgātārius –a –um: like an envoy or legate, legatine

    absorbeō –bēre –buī –ptum: to devour, engulf

    Ītalicus –a –um: Italian

    praefatus –a –um: previously mentioned

    Paulīnus –ī m.: Paulinus, Bishop of York, 625-633; bishop of Rochester, 633-644

    invītātiō –ōnis f.: an invitation, challenge

    Honōrius –ī m.: Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, 627x631-653

    antistēs –itis m.: bishop

    Eadbald –ī m.: Eadbald, King of Kent, 616-640

    glōriōsus –a –um: full of glory

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    pallium palli(ī) n.: coverlet

    Rōmānus –a –um: Roman

    pāpa –ae or –ātis m.: a father, pope

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    Eburācum or Eborācum –ī n.: York

    Iācōbus –ī m.: James, the Deacon

    diāconus –ī m.: deacon

    utīque: certainly

    ecclēsiasticus –a –um: of or belonging to the Church

    exhinc: after this, hereafter, then

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    baptīzo –āre –āvī –ātum: to baptize

    vīcus vīcī m.: village

    maximē: most greatly

    habitō habitāre habitāvī habitātus: to inhabit

    iūxtā: according to

    Cataracta –ae f.: Catterick (North Yorkshire)

    cognōminō –āre –āvī –ātus: to name, to call

    cantō cantāre cantāvī cantātus: to sing, play

    ecclēsia –ae f.: church

    perītus –a –um: skilled

    reciperō –āre: to regain

    postmodum: afterwards

    ecclēsiasticus –a –um: of or belonging to the Church

    cantiō –iōnis f.: chanting, singing

    iūxtā: according to

    Rōmānus –a –um: Roman

    Cantuarī –ōrum m. : the people of Kent

    exsistō –sistere –stitī: to exist, be; emerge

    senex senis: old, aged

    iūxtā: according to

    scrīptūra –ae f.: Scripture

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    Rob Hardy. Bede: Historia Ecclesiastica Selections. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College Commentaries, 2017. ISBN: 978-1-947822-20-7. https://dcc.dickinson.edu/pt/bede-historia-ecclesiastica/book-2/chapter-2-20