1. Ἐπὶ τοῖσδε ξυμμαχίαν ἐποιήσαντο πρὸς βασιλέα καὶ Τισσαφέρνην Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι.
2. ὁπόσην χώραν καὶ πόλεις βασιλεὺς ἔχει καὶ οἱ πατέρες οἱ βασιλέως εἶχον, βασιλέως ἔστω·
3. καὶ ἐκ τούτων τῶν πόλεων ὁπόσα Ἀθηναίοις ἐφοίτα χρήματα ἢ ἄλλο τι, κωλυόντων κοινῇ βασιλεὺς καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι ὅπως μήτε χρήματα λαμβάνωσιν Ἀθηναῖοι μήτε ἄλλο μηδέν.
4.καὶ τὸν πόλεμον τὸν πρὸς Ἀθηναίους κοινῇ πολεμούντων βασιλεὺς καὶ Λακεδαιμόνιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι·
5. καὶ κατάλυσιν τοῦ πολέμου πρὸς Ἀθηναίους μὴ ἐξέστω ποιεῖσθαι, ἢν μὴ ἀμφοτέροις δοκῇ βασιλεῖ καὶ Λακεδαιμονίοις καὶ τοῖς ξυμμάχοις.
Thucydides 8.18
Chapter Nav.
notes
1. ἐπὶ Translating prepositions can be tricky. In this case, when ἐπὶ is used with τοῖσδε, it literally translates as “on these things,” but in the sense of “based upon these things (terms).”
ξυμμαχίαν (acc sg) ξυμμαχία, ξυμμαχίας, ἡ alliance
ἐποιήσαντο (3rd pl) they made
πρὸς Another preposition that may initially elude translation. Use context to come up with the best meaning. What nouns does this preposition govern?
καὶ…καὶ: Note that here, the first καὶ links two accusatives, and the second καὶ two nominatives. It is not a “both…and” construction.
Τισσαφέρνην (acc sg) ὁ Tissaphernes (the Persian official representing Persia in this treaty)
2. ὁπόσην χώραν...εἶχον: This is a relative clause. ὁπόσην is a relative pronoun that here functions as an adjective. What noun does it modify? οἱ πατέρες οἱ βασιλέως: The οἱ that modifies πατέρες is repeated. Why?
ὁπόσην (acc sg) ἡ however much, all that
εἶχον (3rd pl) held
ἔστω let it be
3. τούτων (gen pl) these
ὁπόσα Ἀθηναίοις...ἄλλο τι This is a relative clause. ὁπόσα is a relative pronoun that here functions as an adjective. What noun does it modify? Note the accent on τι. Is this an interrogative or indefinite pronoun? ὁπόσα (nom/acc pl) τό however much, all that
ἐφοίτα (3rd sg) accrued
ἄλλο (nom/acc sg) τό other
ἢ Note the accent! This is a conjunction.
κωλυόντων (3rd pl) Let them prevent. This form is an imperative. We cover imperatives in a later chapter. For now, translate the verb as “Let them prevent.” The “them” of this imperative is rendered in the nominative case in Greek.
κοινῇ (adv.) in common, together
ὅπως so that. This is a conjunction that introduces a Purpose Clause. Purpose clauses indicate the reason or purpose for which an action is done.
μήτε…μήτε: These negatives tend to link or join single words or clauses. What words are being linked in this sentence?
λαμβάνωσιν ~ λαμβάνουσιν
μηδέν (nom/acc sg) τό nothing
4. τὸν πόλεμον τὸν πρὸς Ἀθηναίους The τὸν that modifies πόλεμον is repeated. Why?
πολεμούντων Let them make war. As with κωλυόντων, above, this is an imperative that translates “Let them make war.” The “them” of this imperative is rendered in the nominative case in Greek.
5. κατάλυσιν κατάλυσις, κατάλυσεως, ἡ truce
ἐξέστω let it be possible. This verb takes a complementary infinitive.
ποιεῖσθαι ~ ποιεῖν
ἤν ~ εἰ
ἀμφοτέροις (dat pl) ὁ both
δοκῇ ~ δοκεῖ This form of δοκέω is often used impersonally. The subject of an impersonal verb is not rendered in Greek, and often is too vague to render from context. Translate as “it seems,” or “it seems best.” Other common examples of impersonal verbs include συμβαίνει “it happens,” ἔξεστι “it is possible/permitted,” and δηλοῖ “it is clear” (S 932-933). Many impersonal verbs take a dative, as here.
New Vocab.
Stems Ending in –ι
δύναμις δυνάμεως ἡ power
πίστις πίστεως ἡ trust, proof, guarantee
πόλις πόλεως ἡ city
πρᾶξις πράξεως ἡ action
τάξις τάξεως ἡ arrangement, order
φύσις φύσεως ἡ nature
Irregular
χάρις χάριτος ἡ favor, thanks. Declines like a regular 3rd declension dental stem, except that its accusative singular is χάριν, as though it were an –ι stem.
Stems Ending in –υ, –ευ, –αυ, and –ου
βασιλεύς βασιλέως ὁ king
βοῦς, βοός ὁ bull, ox; ἡ cow
ἱερεύς ἱερέως ὁ priest
ἱππεύς ἱππέως ὁ horseman, charioteer
ναῦς, νεώς ἡ ship
πρέσβυς πρέσβεως ὁ old man; (pl.) ambassadors
Prev. Vocab.
ἀγαπάω ἀγαπήσω love
ἀγγέλλω, ἀγγελῶ report, tell
ἄγω ἄξω lead, bring, pass (time)
ἀγών ἀγῶνος ὁ contest
ἀδελφός ἀδελφοῦ ὁ brother
ἀδικέω ἀδικήσω commit injustice
αἷμα αἵματος τό blood
αἱρέω αἱρήσω grab
αἴρω, ἀρῶ raise
αἰσθάνομαι, αἰσθήσομαι perceive
αἰτέω αἰτήσω beg, ask
αἰτία αἰτίας ἡ cause, origin; accusation
αἰών αἰῶνος ὁ age, eternity
ἀκούω, ἀκούσομαι hear
ἀλήθεια ἀληθείας ἡ truth
ἀλλά but
ἁμαρτάνω, ἁμαρτήσομαι miss, fail, make a mistake
ἀμφί (prep. + gen.) around, for the sake of; (prep. + dat.) around, near; (prep. + acc.) around, about
ἀνά (prep. + dat.) upon; (prep. + acc.) up, through
ἀναβαίνω ἀναβήσομαι walk up, go aboard, enter
ἀναγιγνώσκω read
ἀνάγκη ἀνάγκης ἡ necessity
ἀναιρέω ἀναιρήσω raise up
ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός ὁ man
ἄνθρωπος ἀνθρώπου ὁ, ἡ human being
ἀνίστημι, ἀναστήσω raise, appoint
ἀντί (prep. + gen.) opposite, instead of, for the sake of
ἀξιόω ἀξιώσω consider worthy, valuable
ἀπό (prep. + gen.) from
ἀποδίδωμι, ἀποδώσω give back
ἀποθνῄσκω, ἀποθανοῦμαι die
ἀποκρίνομαι, ἀποκρινοῦμαι answer
ἀποκτείνω, ἀποκτενῶ kill
ἀπόλλυμι, ἀπολῶ kill, destroy
ἀπολύω, ἀπολύσω release, divorce, forgive
ἅπτω ἅψω touch
ἄρα therefore
ἀργύριον ἀργυρίου τό money, silver
ἀρετή ἀρετῆς ἡ excellence, goodness, valor, virtue
ἀριθμός ἀριθμοῦ ὁ number
ἀρχή ἀρχῆς ἡ beginning; authority, office
ἄρχω ἄρξω begin, lead, rule (+ gen.)
ἄρχων ἄρχοντος ὁ ruler
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό self, same, he/she/it
ἀφαιρέω ἀφαιρήσω take from, take away
ἀφικνέομαι, ἀφίξομαι come to, arrive at
ἀφίημι, ἀφήσω send forth; let go, allow
βαίνω, βήσομαι walk, come, go
βάλλω, βαλῶ throw
βασιλεύς βασιλέως ὁ king
βιβλίον βιβλίου τό book
βίος βίου ὁ life
βλέπω, βλέψομαι see, look (at)
βοηθέω βοηθήσω help
βουλεύω, βουλεύσω deliberate, resolve
βουλή βουλῆς ἡ council, plan, advice
βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι want, prefer
βοῦς, βοός ὁ bull, ox; ἡ cow
γάρ for
γένος γένους τό clan, generation; type, class
γίγνομαι, γενήσομαι happen, become, be born
γιγνώσκω, γνώσομαι know learn, judge, think; Koine: γινώσκω
γῆ γῆς ἡ earth
γλῶττα γλώττης ἡ tongue, language. Koine: γλῶσσα γλώσσης ἡ
γνώμη γνώμης ἡ idea, intelligence, opinion
γράμμα γράμματος τό letter
γραφή γραῆς ἡ drawing, writing, indictment
γράφω γράψω write, draw
δαίμων δαίμονος ὁ divinity
δέ and, but
δείκνυμι, δείξω show
δεσπότης δεσπότου ὁ master
δέχομαι, δέξομαι welcome
δέω, δεήσω lack, miss, be in need of (+ gen.)
δηλόω δηλώσω show
δῆμος δῆμου ὁ people
διά (prep. + gen.) through; (prep. + acc.) because of
διαφέρω, διοίσω spread, differ
διαφθείρω, διαφθερῶ destroy
διαφορά διαφορᾶς ἡ difference, disagreement
δίκη δίκης ἡ justice; legal case
διδάσκω, διδάξω teach
δίδωμι, δώσω give
διό therefore
διώκω διώξω pursue
δοκέω, δόξω think, suppose; seem
δόξα δόξης ἡ opinion, judgment, glory
δοῦλος δούλου ὁ slave
δράω, δράσω do
δύναμαι, δυνήσομαι be able, can
δύναμις δυνάμεως ἡ power
ἐάω, ἐάσω allow
ἐθέλω, ἐθελήσω want
ἔθνος ἔθνους τό nation
εἰ, εἴπερ if
εἶδος εἴδους τό form, shape
εἰρήνη εἰρήνης ἡ peace
εἰς/ἐς (prep. + acc.) into
εἰμί, ἔσομαι be
εἴτε…εἴτε either…or
ἐκ (prep. + gen.) from
ἐκεῖνος ἐκείνη ἐκεῖνο that
ἐκκλησία ἐκκλησίας ἡ gathering; church
ἐλαύνω, ἐλῶ march, drive, set in motion
ἐλπίζω, ἐλπιῶ hope for
ἐλπίς ἐλπίδος ἡ hope
ἐν (prep. + dat.) in
ἐπεί after, since, when
ἐπί (prep. + gen.) on, at; (prep. + dat.) on, for the purpose of, because of; (prep. + acc.) against
ἐπιγιγνώσκω know, recognize, understand
ἐπιστήμη ἐπιστήμης ἡ knowledge
ἐπιτίθημι, ἐπιθήσω put on
ἕπομαι, ἕψομαι follow
ἔπος ἔπους τό word
ἐργάζομαι, ἐργάσομαι work
ἔργον ἔργου τό deed, work
ἔρχομαι, ἐλεύσομαι come, go
ἐρωτάω ἐρωτήσω ask
ἐσθίω, φάγομαι eat
ἔτος ἔτους τό year
εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω find
ἔχω, ἕξω/σχήσω have, hold, be
ἕως until, while
ζάω, ζήσω live
ζεύγνυμι ζεύξω yoke, join together
ζητέω ζητήσω seek
ζῷον ζῴου τό living being, animal
ἤ but
ἡγεμών ἡγεμόνος ὁ guide, commander
ἡγέομαι, ἡγήσομαι lead, consider
ἡδονή ἡδονῆς ἡ pleasure, enjoyment
ἥκω ἥξω have come, be present
ἥλιος ἡλίου ὁ sun
ἡμέρα ἡμέρας ἡ day
θάλαττα θαλάττης ἡ sea Koine: θάλασσα θαλάσσης ἡ
θάνατος θανάτου ὁ death
θαυμάζω θαυμάσω wonder, marvel
θέλημα θέλματος τό will, wish, desire
θέλω, θελήσω want
θεός θεοῦ ὁ, ἡ god, goddess
θνῄσκω die
θυγάτηρ θυγατρός ἡ daughter
θυμός θυμοῦ ὁ soul, spirit
θύω, θύσω sacrifice
ἱερεύς ἱερέως ὁ priest
ἱερόν ἱεροῦ τό temple
ἵημι, ἥσω throw
ἵνα where
ἱππεύς ἱππέως ὁ horseman, charioteer
ἵππος ἵππου ὁ horse
ἵστημι, στήσω stand
καθίστημι, καταστήσω set down, establish
καί and
καιρός καιροῦ ὁ the right time
καλέω, καλῶ call
κατά (prep. + gen.) down, against; (prep. + acc.) down, along, according to
καταλαμβάνω seize, catch up to, arrest
κατασκευάζω κατασκευάσω equip, supply
κατηγορέω κατηγορήσω accuse
κατοικέω κατοικήσω inhabit, settle
κελεύω, κελεύσω order
κεφαλή κεφαλῆς ἡ head
κίνδυνος κινδύνου ὁ danger
κινέω κινήσω move
κλαίω, κλαύσω cry out
κομίζω, κομιῶ provide for
κόσμος κόσμου ὁ order; decoration; world
κρατέω κρατήσω rule over
κρίνω, κρινῶ judge, decide, determine
κτάομαι, κτήσομαι get, acquire
κύκλος κύκλου ὁ circle
κύριος κυρίου ὁ lord, master
κωλύω, κωλύσω prevent
λαλέω λαλήσω talk, babble
λαμβάνω, λήψομαι take, grab; receive, get
λανθάνω, λήσω escape notice of
λέγω, λέξω say, tell
λείπω, λείψω leave
λεώς, λεώ ὁ the people, folk (other dialects: λαός λαοῦ or ληός ληοῦ)
λίθος λίθου ὁ stone
λόγος λόγου ὁ word, speech; thought, reason; account, reckoning
λύω, λύσω loosen, destroy
μανθάνω, μαθήσομαι learn, ascertain
μάρτυς μάρτυρος ὁ, ἡ witness
μάχη μάχης ἡ battle
μάχομαι, μαχοῦμαι fight
μέγεθος μεγέθους τό magnitude
μέλλω, μελλήσω intend, be about to, be going to
μέν…δέ on the one hand... on the other hand
μένω, μενῶ remain, stay
μέρος μέρους τό part, share
μετά (prep. + gen.) with; (prep. + acc.) after, behind
μέχρι until
μή no, not (moods other than indicative)
μήτε and not (with moods other than indicative)
μήτε…μήτε neither…nor (with moods other than indicative)
μήτηρ, μητρός ἡ mother
μίγνυμι, μίξω mix
μιμνήσκω, μνήσω remind
μισέω μισήσω hate
μυριάς μυριάδος ἡ ten thousand; countless
ναῦς, νεώς ἡ ship
νεώς, νεώ ὁ temple (other dialects: ναός ναοῦ or νηός νηοῦ)
νῆσος νήσου ἡ island
νικάω νικήσω conquer, defeat
νίκη νίκης ἡ victory
νομίζω, νομιῶ think, believe
νόμος νόμου ὁ custom, tradition, law
νόσος νόσου ἡ disease
νοῦς, νοῦ ὁ mind (other dialects: νόος, νόου)
νύξ νυκτός ἡ night
ξένος ξένου ὁ guest/friend/host; foreigner, stranger
ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε this
ὁδός ὁδοῦ ἡ road
ὅθεν from where
οἰκέω οἰκήσω dwell
οἰκία οἰκίας ἡ building, house
οἰκοδομέω οἰκοδομήσω build
οἶκος οἴκου ὁ house, home, family
ὄμνυμι swear (an oath); swear to
ὁμολογέω ὁμολογήσω agree
ὄνομα ὀνόματος τό name
ὀνομάζω ὀνομάσω call by name
ὅπλον ὅπλου τό weapon, tool (mostly pl.)
ὁράω, ὄψομαι see
ὀργή ὀργῆς ἡ anger
ὁρμάω ὁρμήσω hurry
ὄρος ὄρους τό mountain, hill
ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which, that
ὅσπερ, ἥπερ, ὅπερ the same/very one(s) who, which, that
ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι anyone who, anything which, whoever, whatever
ὅτε when
ὅτι because
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ no, not (indicative mood)
οὖν therefore
οὐρανός οὐρανοῦ ὁ sky
οὖς, ὠτός τό ear
οὐσία οὐσίας ἡ essence, property
οὔτε and not (with indicative mood)
οὔτε…οὔτε neither…nor (with indicative mood)
ὀφθαλμός ὀφθαλμοῦ ὁ eye
πάθος πάθους τό suffering, experience, emotion
παῖς, παιδός ὁ child
παρά (prep. + gen.) from; (prep. + dat.) with, near; (prep. + acc.) to, throughout, against
παραδίδωμι, παραδώσω hand over, deliver
παραλαμβάνω take, receive, accept
πάρειμι be present
παρέχω, παρέξω provide
παρίστημι, παραστήσω present
πάσχω, πείσομαι suffer, experience
πατήρ, πατρός ὁ father
πατρίς πατρίδος ἡ fatherland
παύω, παύσω stop
πείθω πείσω persuade
πειράω, πειράσω try, attempt
πέμπω πέμψω send
περί (prep. + gen.) about; (prep. + dat.) about; (prep. + acc.) near, around
περισσεύω, περισσεύσω be left over, increase, exceed
πίνω, πίομαι drink
πίπτω, πεσοῦμαι fall
πιστεύω, πιστεύσω trust, rely on, believe in (+ dat.)
πίστις πίστεως ἡ trust, proof, guarantee
πλέω, πλεύσομαι/πλευσοῦμαι sail
πλῆθος πλήθους τό crowd
πνεῦμα πνεύματος τό wind, breath, spirit
ποιέω ποιήσω do, make
ποιητής ποιητοῦ ὁ creator, poet
πολεμέω πολεμήσω make war
πολέμιοι πολεμίων οἱ the enemy
πόλεμος πολέμου ὁ war
πόλις πόλεως ἡ city
πολιτεία πολιτείας ἡ constitution, republic
πόνος πόνου ὁ work, stress, trouble, pain
ποταμός ποταμοῦ ὁ river
πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι go, march
πορεύω, πορεύσω carry
πούς, ποδός ὁ foot
πρᾶγμα πράγματος τό thing; (pl.) circumstances, affairs, business
πρᾶξις πράξεως ἡ action
πράττω πράξω (πράσσω πράξω) do
πρέσβυς πρέσβεως ὁ old man; (pl.) ambassadors
πρίν (w/indicative verbs) until; (w/infinitive verbs) before
πρό (prep. + gen.) before, in front of
πρός (prep. + gen.) toward, (swear) by; (prep. + dat.) by, in addition to; (prep. + acc.) toward
προστίθημι, προσθήσω add to
πρόσωπον προσώπου τό face, mask, person
πυνθάνομαι, πεύσομαι learn, hear, inquire
πῦρ, πυρός τό fire
ῥήγνυμι, ῥήξω break, shatter
ῥῆμα ῥήματος τό word, saying
σημεῖον σημείου τό sign
σκεδάννυμι, σκεδάσω scatter, disperse
σκέπτομαι, σκέψομαι look at, examine, consider
σκοπέω σκοπήσω look at, watch; look into, consider, examine
στάδιον σταδίου τό (pl. στάδια or στάδιοι) stadion or stade (a stade is about 185 meters/202 yards)
σοφία σοφίας ἡ wisdom
σπέρμα σπέρματος τό seed, offspring
στόμα στόματος τό mouth
στρατηγός στρατηγοῦ ὁ general
στρατιά στρατιᾶς ἡ army
στρατιώτης στρατιώτου ὁ soldier
συμβαίνω happen, agree, result
σύμμαχοι συμμάχων οἱ allies
συμφέρω, συνοίσω benefit, profit
συμφορά συμφορᾶς ἡ event, situation, disaster
σύν (prep. + dat.) with (the help of)
σχῆμα σχήματος τό form, appearance
σῴζω, σώσω save
σῶμα σώματος τό body
σωτηρία σωτηρίας ἡ safety
τάξις τάξεως ἡ arrangement, order
τάττω τάξω (τάσσω τάξω) arrange
τε and
τεῖχος τείχους τό wall
τέκνον τέκνου τό child
τελευτάω, τελευτήσω finish, die
τέλος τέλους τό end
τέμνω, τεμῶ cut
τέχνη τέχνης ἡ art, skill
τίθημι, θήσω put, make
τίκτω, τέξομαι give birth
τιμάω τιμήσω honor
τιμή τιμῆς ἡ value, honor
τις, τι (enclitic) someone, something, anyone, anything
τίς, τί who? what? which?
τοίνυν therefore
τολμάω τολμήσω dare
τόπος τόπου ὁ place, topic
τρέπω τρέψω turn
τρέφω θρέψω nourish
τρόπος τρόπου ὁ way, turn
τροφή τροφῆς ἡ nourishment, food
τυγχάνω, τεύξομαι happen, meet (+ gen.)
τύχη τύχης ἡ luck, fate
ὕδωρ, ὕδατος τό water
υἱός υἱοῦ ὁ son
ὑπάγω ὑπάξω go away
ὑπάρχοντα ὑπαρχόντων τά circumstances, property
ὑπάρχω, ὑπάρξω exist, be, belong to
ὑπέρ (prep. + gen.) over, on behalf of; (prep. + acc.) above, over, beyond
ὑπό (prep. + gen.) under, by; (prep. + dat.) under; (prep. + acc.) under
ὑπολαμβάνω take up, reply, suppose
ὑποτάττω ὑποτάξω (ὑποτάσσω ὑποτάξω) subordinate, subject
φαίνω, φανῶ make appear
φανερόω φανερώσω reveal
φέρω, οἴσω carry, bear, endure
φεύγω, φεύξομαι flee, run away, avoid, shun
φημί, φήσω say, assert
φοβέω φοβήσω frighten
φόβος φόβου ὁ panic, fear
φράζω φράσω tell
φρονέω φρονήσω think
φυλάττω φυλάξω (φυλάσσω φυλάξω) watch, guard, defend
φύσις φύσεως ἡ nature
φύω, φύσω produce, bring forth, grow
φωνή φωνῆς ἡ sound, voice
φῶς, φωτός τό light
χαίρω, χαιρήσω be happy, say hello
χάρις χάριτος ἡ favor, thanks
χείρ, χειρός ἡ hand
χράομαι, χρήσομαι use
χρῆμα χρήματος τό thing; (pl.) money
χρόνος χρόνου ὁ time
χώρα χώρας ἡ land, place
χωρίον χωρίου τό place, spot, district
ψυχή ψυῆς ἡ breath, soul
ὡς as