Huius successor L. Antōnīnus Commodus nihil paternum habuit, nisi quod contrā Germānōs fēlīciter et ipse pūgnāvit. Septembrem mēnsem ad nōmen suum trānsferre cōnātus est, ut Commodus dīcerētur. Sed lūxuriā et obscēnitāte dēprāvātus gladiātōriīs armīs saepissimē in lūdō, deinceps etiam in amphitheātrō cum huiusmodī hominibus dīmicāvit. Obiit morte subitā atque adeō, ut strangulātus vel venēnō interfectus putētur, cum annīs XII post patrem et VIII mēnsibus imperāsset, tantā execrātiōne omnium, ut hostis generis humānī etiam mortuus iūdicārētur.
notes
Commodus Emperor, 180–193 CE
Cassius Dio, Histories Book 73 (Epitome)
L. Antōnīnus Commodus: Commodus was the son of Marcus Aurelius, but like him in no respect. After concluding a disgraceful treaty with the Germans, he hastened to Rome, where neglected the duties required of him by the state (Hazzard).
Septembrem mēnsem: in his last year, 192 CE, all the months of the year were renamed with Commodus' own names and titles: Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, Pius, Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeius, Romanus, Exsuperatorius (Bird). Cassius Dio recounts this:
Read more
Finally, all the months were named after him, so that they were enumerated as follows: Amazonius, Invictus, Felix, Pius, Lucius, Aelius, Aurelius, Commodus, Augustus, Herculeus, Romanus, Exsuperatorius. For he himself assumed these several titles at different times, but "Amazonius" and "Exsuperatorius" he applied constantly to himself, to indicate that in every respect he surpassed absolutely all mankind superlatively; so superlatively mad had the abandoned wretch become. And to the senate he would send messages couched in these terms: "The Emperor Caesar Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus Augustus Pius Felix Sarmaticus Germanicus Maximus Britannicus, Pacifier of the Whole Earth, Invincible, the Roman Hercules, Pontifex Maximus, Holder of the Tribunician Authority for the eighteenth time, Imperator for the eighth time, Consul for the seventh time, Father of his Country, to consuls, praetors, tribunes, and the fortunate Commodian senate, Greeting." (Dio 73.15.3–6, Translated by Earnest Cary)
in amphitheātrō: he was the conqueror in 735 combats. Nothing delighted him more than to be called the "Hercules of Rome" (Hazzard). Fighting as a gladiator in public was considered shameful to the ruling classes, as Cassius Dio recalls in the following famous anecdote:
Read more
This fear was shared by all, by us senators as well as by the rest. And here is another thing that he did to us senators which gave us every reason to look for our death. Having killed an ostrich and cut off his head, he came up to where we were sitting, holding the head in his left hand and in his right hand raising aloft his bloody sword; and though he spoke not a word, yet he wagged his head with a grin, indicating that he would treat us in the same way. And many would indeed have perished by the sword on the spot, for laughing at him (for it was laughter rather than indignation that overcame us), if I had not chewed some laurel leaves, which I got from my garland, myself, and persuaded the others who were sitting near me to do the same, so that in the steady movement of our mouths we might conceal the fact that we were laughing. (Dio 73.21.1–2, Translated by Earnest Cary)
adeō, ut: "so much so that," introducing a result clause (AG 537).
strangulātus vel venēnō: he was poisoned and afterwards strangled by Marcia (Hazzard).
cum annīs XII post patrem: Commodus died in 193, twelve years after the death of Marcus Aurelius.
tantā execrātiōne omnium: "with such great cursing from all," i.e., "he was so hated by everybody," followed by a result clause (AG 537).
vocabulary
Core Vocabulary | Numbers | Dates
successor, ōris [succēdō], m. |
a follower, successor |
Antōnīnus, ī, m. |
the name of a dynasty of Roman emperors. (1) T. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Fulvius Bōiōnius Pius, 138–161 A.D.; (2) M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Vērus, 161–180 A.D.; (3) L. Annius Antōnīnus Vērus, 161–169 A.D.; (4) L. Antōnīnus Commodus, 180–193 A.D.; (5) M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus Bassānius Caracalla, 211–217 A.D.; (6) M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus, Heliogabalus, 218–222 A.D. |
Commodus, ī, m. |
L. Antōnīnus Commodus, emperor 180–193 A.D. |
paternus, a, um [pater], adj. |
fatherly, of a father |
Germānī, ōrum, pl. m. |
the Germans |
fēlīciter [fēlīx], adv., comp. fēlicius, sup. fēlicissimē |
luckily, happily |
September, bris, m. |
September, the seventh month of the year beginning with March |
mēnsis, is, m. |
a month |
trānsferō, ferre, tulī, lātus |
to bear or take over or across; transport, transfer |
luxūria, ae, [lūxus, excess], f. |
luxury, extravagance |
obscēnitās, ātis [obscēnus, illomened], f. |
moral impurity, foulness, unchastity, lewdness, obscenity |
dēprāvō, āre, āvī, ātus [dē + prāvus] |
to distort; pervert, seduce, corrupt, deprave |
gladiātōrius, a, um [gladiātor], adj. |
pertaining to a gladiator, gladiatorial |
lūdus, ī, m. |
play, game; place of training, school |
deinceps [deinde + capiō], adv. |
one after the other, successively; next, moreover |
amphitheātrum, ī, n. |
amphitheater |
hūiusmodī [hīc + modus], adv. |
of this (i.e. the following) kind |
dīmicō, āre, āvī, ātus |
to fight |
obeō, īre, īvī (iī), itus |
to go to meet; attend to, perform; die, perish |
subitus, a, um [subeō], adj. |
sudden, unexpected |
strangulō, āre, āvī, ātus |
to strangle, throttle, kill |
venēnum, ī, n. |
poison |
exsecrātiō, ōnis [exsecror], f. |
an execration, malediction, curse |