Climbing into Firuz's tower, with Bohemond looking on. Engraving by Gustave Doré (1832-1883)

a crusader climbs into Firuz's tower
Image Credit:
wikimedia; public domain

The walls of Antioch over a ravine

a print of the walls of Antioch; illustration from John Carne, Syria, The Holy Land, Asia Minor (1836-38)
Image Credit:
John Carne - http://eng.travelogues.gr/collection.php?view=169

The crusaders use a trebuchet to throw Turkish heads into Nicaea, 13th cent. French manuscript miniature

Crusaders throwing heads into Nicaea
Image Credit:
wikmedia

The castle tower at Durrës, Albania

castle tower in Durrës, Albania
Image Credit:
Wikimedia: Pudelek

Tomb of the Virgin, Vallley of Jehosophat, Jerusalem (rebuilt in 12th century)

The Tomb of the Virgin
Image Credit:
By Alon Alush - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145983704

The Salle des Croisades, Palace of Versailles

The crusader room, Versailles
Image Credit:
By PHGCOM - Own work, photographed at Versailles, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9421929

Bohemond of Taranto at Antioch, by By Henri Frédéric Schopin (1804–1880; Palace of Versailles)

Bohemond before Antioch
Image Credit:
By Henri Frédéric Schopin - [1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3531992

Church of St. Mary, Mount Sion, Jerusalem

the Church of St. Mary, exterior
Image Credit:
By Fallaner - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121252577

The aedicule in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

the aedicule, Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Image Credit:
By Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China - Church of the Holy Sepulchre: The Aedicule, Which Contains the Holy Sepulchre Itself, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=110724405

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (12th century facade and bell tower)

Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Image Credit:
Mohammad Shad Siddiqui - https://www.lavacanza.in/israel-holiday/d222

Statue of Godfrey of Bouillon, by Eugène Simonis (1843; the Grand Place, Brussels)

Statue of Godfrey of Bouillon, Brussels
Image Credit:
By Q. Keysers - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21160307

The finding of the Holy Lance. Manuscript miniature. British Library (Royal 15 E I f. 98v)

The finding of the Holy Lance. Manuscript miniature
Image Credit:
Wikimedia

Interior of the Church of St. Peter, Antioch (Antakya)

The Church of St. Peter, Antakya
Image Credit:
Dosseman - Own work

Pope Urban II preaches the crusade at Clermont, by Francesco Hayez (1835, Turin, Palazzo Reale)

Pope Urban preaches the crusade
Image Credit:
This file by Artgate Fondazione Cariplo was uploaded as part of the Share Your Knowledge project developed within WikiAfrica. Artgate Fondazione Cariplo

Pope Urban II (with Peter the Hermit) preaches the crusade at Clermont, by Francesco Hayez (1835, Turin, Palazzo Reale)

Pope Urban II preaches the crusade
Image Credit:
his file by Artgate Fondazione Cariplo was uploaded as part of the Share Your Knowledge project developed within WikiAfrica. Artgate Fondazione Cariplo

The Dome of the Rock (Al Aqsa Mosque, Mosque of Omar). c. 700, Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock
Image Credit:
By From different sites and photographers - These photos are found on various sites and here they are only categorized and modified., CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=152978450

The siege and destruction of Jerusalem, manuscript miniature (1503-4, National Library of Wales)

manuscript miniature of the siege and destruction of Jerusalem
Image Credit:
unknown author - This image is available from the National Library of Wales You can view this image in its original context on the

Godfrey of Bouillon at the Battle of Ascalon (1099), by Hermann Plüddemann (1837)

a painting of Godfrey of Bouillon at the Battle of Ascalon
Image Credit:
wikimedia: public domain

a hand-siphon for "Greek Fire" and siege tower (9-11th cent.; Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1605)

a hand-siphon and siege tower
Image Credit:
Wikimedia

Hand grenades for "Greek Fire," with caltrops from the fortress at Chania, Crete (10-12th cent.; National Historical Museum, Athens)

hand grenades
Image Credit:
Badseed: wikimedia

The Battle of Ascalon, with crusaders capturing livestock; manuscript miniature, 13th cent.

manuscript miniature with crusaders and livestock
Image Credit:
http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ConsulterElementNum?O=IFN-023008874&E=JPEG&Deb=1&Fin=1&Param=C

The Battle of Ascalon in 1099, by Victor Schnetz (1847; Palace of Versailles)

Painting of the Battle of Ascalon, painting by Victor Schnetz (1847); Palace of Versailles
Image Credit:
Victory Schnetz - http://collections.chateauversailles.fr/#57714ebb-1b3b-4095-afc0-7623c2e8ebf5

The Taking of Jerusalem by the crusaders, 15th July 1099, by Émile Signol (1847; Palace of Versailles)

The Taking of Jerusalem, by Emile Signol
Image Credit:
Émile Signol - http://nobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Jerusalem.jpg

Robert of Normandy (Robert Curthose), on the left of his father, William the Conqueror. From the Bayeux Tapestry, 11th century. Bayeux Museum, Normandy, France

Robert of Normandy sitting on his father's left, from the Bayeux Tapestry
Image Credit:
Bayeux Tapestry - Scene 19: siege of Dinan. The soldiers of William, Duke of Normandy attack the motte-and-bailey castle of Dinan. Conan II, Duke of Brittany surrenders and gives the keys to Dinan via a lance.

Bayeux Tapestry - Scene 19: Normans attack the motte-and-bailey castle of Dinan. A lance is used to surrender the keys. 11th century, Bayeux Museum, Normandy, France

the siege of Dinan, on the Bayeux Tapestry
Image Credit:
By Myrabella - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25390882

view of Jerusalem from the Quidron (Kidron) Valley

a view of Jerusalem (the Temple Mount) from the Quidron (Kidron) Valley
Image Credit:
wikimedia: Chris Yunker from St. Louis, United States

Sword and spurs of Godfrey of Bouillon, in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

the sword and spurs of Godrey of Bouillon
Image Credit:
By Auguste Salzmann - http://www.iphotocentral.com/search/detail.php/32/Auguste+Salzmann/20/7126/1, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6501997

The Tower of David in 1911 (moat, main gate, tower)

The Tower of David: the moat, main gate, and tower
Image Credit:
By קבוצת לואיס The Lewis Group - The National Library of Israel, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30219523

Mt. Silpius with ruins of the citadel, Antioch

a view of Mt. Silpius with ruins of the citadel, Antioch
Image Credit:
wikimedia: Vikiçizer

The Siege of Antioch (Detail of a medieval miniature from Sébastien Mamerot's Les Passages d'Outremer (1473–1474)

a 15th century miniature of the siege of Antioch
Image Credit:
wikimedia: Adam Bishop, copied from http://en.wikipedia.org/

A 12th century painting of crusader cannibalism

a painting showing crusader atrocities
Image Credit:
public domain: Les Croisades, Origines et consequences, by Claude Lebedel

A medieval siege tower or belfry (drawing by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, 1856)

a drawing of a medieval siege tower (belfry)
Image Credit:
wikimedia: public domain

A reconstructed trebuchet, Château de Castelnaud, Dordogne, France.

a reconstructed trebuchet
Image Credit:
wikimedia: Jebulon

Taking of the fortress of Maarat, by Henri Decaisne (1843) Chateau de Versailles: Les Collections

a painting of the attack on Marra
Image Credit:
Chateau de Versailles: Les Collections

The Siege of Nicaea, 1097 CE (map by Gabriel Moss)

map showing the siege of Nicaea
Image Credit:
MossMaps Cartography and Consulting

The march from Antioch to Jerusalem, 1099 CE (Map by Gabriel Moss)

map of the route from Antioch to Jerusalem
Image Credit:
MossMaps Cartography and Consulting

The thirst suffered by the first Crusaders (1852), by Alessandro Guardassoni (Bologna, Pinacoteca Nazionale, Inv. 645

19th century picture of crusaders suffering from thirst
Image Credit:
Public domain : Q1103550VIAF: 141530565ISNI: 0000000123243847ULAN: 500125188LCCN: n50052590NLA: 35111798WorldCat

The capture of Antioch

medieval illumination of the capture of Antioch
Image Credit:
By Unknown author - http://www.histoire-france.net/moyen/croisade/antioche.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21327491

The Capture of Antioch by Bohmond of Tarento, June 1098 (painting by L. Gaillat, 1840)

a painting with Bohemond capturing Antioch
Image Credit:
By L.Gallait - Painting by L.Gallait, 1840, "Croisades, origines et consequences", Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3111724

The Orontes River (now the Far) near Antioch (now Antakya)

the river near Antioch (modern Antakya)
Image Credit:
By Mohammad adil at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17975571

3rd century graffito of a cataphract (clibanarius), from Dura-Europus (Yale University Art Gallery)

a graffito of a mounted armored warrior
Image Credit:
By Yale University Art Gallery - https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/5206, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113594191

a cataphract; Persian cavalryman in plate armor (6th century)

relief sculpture with Sassanian mounted cavalryman
Image Credit:
Wikimedia: Zereshk

The Siege of Nicaea: the Crusaders firing heads into the city (anonymous manuscript illumination, 13th century

manuscript illumination with crusaders firing Turkish heads into the city
Image Credit:
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26535077

The siege of Nicaea

manuscript illumination showing the siege of Nicaea
Image Credit:
By Anonymous - This file comes from Gallica Digital Library and is available under the digital ID btv1b10024631m/f71, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10966446

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); city walls

the Byzantine walls at Iznik
Image Credit:
By Carole Raddato from Frankfurt, Germany - Nicaea's Byzantine fortifications, Iznik, Turkey, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65156244

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); the Yenişehir Gate

A Byzantine gate at Nicaea (modern Iznik)
Image Credit:
Wikimedia Commons: Dosseman

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); a tower in the city wall

the ruins of a tower in the Byzantine walls at Nicaea (Iznik)
Image Credit:
By Carole Raddato from Frankfurt, Germany - Nicaea's Byzantine fortifications, Iznik, Turkey, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65156234

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

ruins of the fort called Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi)
Image Credit:
Marko Tjemmes

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

Iznik (ancient Nicaea) and Lake Iznik

a view of Lake Iznik, with the town of Iznik in the foreground
Image Credit:
By Arif miletli - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=107124312