(1) Hinc iam bellum cīvīle successit exsecrandum et lacrimābile, quō praeter calamitātēs, quae in proeliīs accidērunt, etiam populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est.
(2) Caesar enim rediēns ex Galliā victor coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum atque ita, ut sine dubietāte aliquā eī dēferrētur. Contrādictum est ā Mārcellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompēiō, ā Catōne, iussusque dīmissīs exercitibus ad urbem redīre. Propter quam iniūriam ab Arīminō, ubi mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat, adversum patriam cum exercitū vēnit.
(3) Cōnsulēs cum Pompēiō senātusque omnis atque ūniversa nōbilitās ex urbe fūgit et in Graeciam transiit. Apud Ēpīrum, Macedoniam, Achaiam Pompēiō duce senātus contrā Caesarem bellum parāvit.
notes
The Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, 49–45 BCE; Caesar Invades Italy, Pompey flees to Greece, 49 BCE
Appian, Civil Wars 2.4.27–38. Suetonius, Julius Caesar 29–34. Plutarch, Life of Caesar 29–34. Caesar, Gallic War 8.52, Civil War 1.7–23.
(1) exsecrandum: "awful," "cursed," "abhorrent," gerundive form (AG 500)
quō: "in which"
populī Rōmānī fortūna mūtāta est: Eutropius and his sources recognized that the civil war between Caesar and Pompey marked a true watershed in Roman history, what modern historians term the Fall of the Roman Republic.
(2) coepit poscere alterum cōnsulātum: Caesar's proconsular command in the Gauls and Illyricum was due to end in late 50 BCE or early 49 BCE and he needed to move immediately into the consulship to avoid prosecution as a private citizen (Bird).
ita, ut: "in such a way that." ita anticipates a result clause (AG 537).
aliquā: = ūllā (Hazzard)
Contrādictum est: lit. "it was made opposed" = "opposition was made" (Hazzard), main verb is used impersonally (AG 207.d).
ā Mārcellō cōnsule, ā Bibulō, ā Pompēiō, ā Catōne: Those opposing Caesar included Caius Claudius Marcellus Maior, Marcus Cornelius Bibulus, Pompey the Great, and Cato the Younger.
iniūriam: The 'injury' was in depriving him of his military command, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have afforded. He was willing to disband his army and return to Rome if he could be elected to the consulship in his absence, or if Pompey would disband his army (Hazzard).
ab Arīminō: Caesar had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he crossed the stream he said, "The die is cast, let us go where the gods and the injustice of our enemies call us" (Hazzard).
mīlitēs congregātōs: "kept his troops collected: (Hazzard). congregātōs is a perfect passive participle > congregō (LS congregō II).
(3) Cōnsulēs cum Pompēiō senātusque omnis atque ūniversa nōbilitās: Consuls, senate, and nobles are subjects.
Apud Ēpīrum: "In Epirus"
Pompēiō duce: ablative absolute with form of esse assumed (AG 419)
vocabulary
Core Vocabulary | Numbers | Dates
| cīvīlis, e [cīvis], adj. |
pertaining to a citizen; civil; polite, moderate |
| succēdō, ere, cessī, cessus |
to come up, advance; succeed, follow |
| exsecror, ārī, ātus sum | to curse, abhor |
| lacrimābilis, e [lacrimō, to weep], adj. | lamentable |
| calamitās, ātis, f. | a calamity, defeat |
| Caesar, aris, m. |
a family name in the Julian gens. (1) C. Iūlius Caesar, the famous dictator; (2) Sex. Iūlius Caesar, uncle of the dictator. Consul 91 B.C.; (3) C. Octāviānus, the emperor Augustus |
| Gallia, ae, f. |
the country of the Gauls; modern France and the territories on the west bank of the Rhine. The northern part of Italy was settled by Gauls, and was called Gallia Cisalpina; hence the pl. Galliae. |
| cōnsulātus, ūs [cōnsul], m. | consulate, consulship |
| dubietās, ātis [dubius], f. | doubt, hesitation (late Latin) |
| contrādīcō, ere, dīxī, dictus | to contradict, oppose |
| Mārcellus, ī, m. |
the name of a famous Roman family; (1) M. Claudius Mārcellus, consul 222 B.C.; (2) (M.) Claudius Mārcellus, consul 166 B.C.; (3) (M.) Claudius Mārcellus, consul 51 B.C. |
| Bibulus, ī, m. |
L. (Calpurnius) Bibulus, consul with Caesar 59 B.C. |
| Pompēius, ī, m. |
(1) Cn. Pompēius, consul 89 B.C.; (2) Cn. Pompēius, surnamed Magnus, the triumvir, consul 70 B.C.; (3) Cn. Pompēius, son of the triumvir; (4) Q. Pompēius, consul 141 B.C.; (5) Sex. Pompēius, younger son of the triumvir |
| Catō, ōnis, m. |
a family name in the Porcian gens. (1) (M.) Porcius Catō, consul 89 B.C.; (2) C. (Porcius) Catō, consul 114 B.C.; (3) M. Porcius Catō, consul 118 B.C.; (4) M. Porcius Catō Uticēnsis |
| Arīminum, ī, n. |
a town in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea |
| congregō, āre, āvī, ātus [con + grex, a herd] | to collect, unite |
| ūniversus, a, um [ūnus + vertō] adj. | all in one, whole, entire |
| nōbilitās, ātis [nōbilis], f. | renown, nobility; the nobles |
| Graecia, ae, f. | Greece |
| Ēpīrus, ī, f. |
a country on the Ionian Sea, northwest of Greece proper |
| Macedonia, ae, f. |
an extensive country north of Greece, between Thessaly and Thrace |
| Achaia, ae, f. |
a district in the Peloponnesus. Later the Roman province of Southern Greece |