Hand grenades for "Greek Fire," with caltrops from the fortress at Chania, Crete (10-12th cent.; National Historical Museum, Athens)

hand grenades
Image Credit:
Badseed: wikimedia

The Battle of Ascalon, with crusaders capturing livestock; manuscript miniature, 13th cent.

manuscript miniature with crusaders and livestock
Image Credit:
http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ConsulterElementNum?O=IFN-023008874&E=JPEG&Deb=1&Fin=1&Param=C

The Battle of Ascalon in 1099, by Victor Schnetz (1847; Palace of Versailles)

Painting of the Battle of Ascalon, painting by Victor Schnetz (1847); Palace of Versailles
Image Credit:
Victory Schnetz - http://collections.chateauversailles.fr/#57714ebb-1b3b-4095-afc0-7623c2e8ebf5

The Taking of Jerusalem by the crusaders, 15th July 1099, by Émile Signol (1847; Palace of Versailles)

The Taking of Jerusalem, by Emile Signol
Image Credit:
Émile Signol - http://nobility.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Jerusalem.jpg

Robert of Normandy (Robert Curthose), on the left of his father, William the Conqueror. From the Bayeux Tapestry, 11th century. Bayeux Museum, Normandy, France

Robert of Normandy sitting on his father's left, from the Bayeux Tapestry
Image Credit:
Bayeux Tapestry - Scene 19: siege of Dinan. The soldiers of William, Duke of Normandy attack the motte-and-bailey castle of Dinan. Conan II, Duke of Brittany surrenders and gives the keys to Dinan via a lance.

Bayeux Tapestry - Scene 19: Normans attack the motte-and-bailey castle of Dinan. A lance is used to surrender the keys. 11th century, Bayeux Museum, Normandy, France

the siege of Dinan, on the Bayeux Tapestry
Image Credit:
By Myrabella - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25390882

view of Jerusalem from the Quidron (Kidron) Valley

a view of Jerusalem (the Temple Mount) from the Quidron (Kidron) Valley
Image Credit:
wikimedia: Chris Yunker from St. Louis, United States

Sword and spurs of Godfrey of Bouillon, in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

the sword and spurs of Godrey of Bouillon
Image Credit:
By Auguste Salzmann - http://www.iphotocentral.com/search/detail.php/32/Auguste+Salzmann/20/7126/1, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6501997

The Tower of David in 1911 (moat, main gate, tower)

The Tower of David: the moat, main gate, and tower
Image Credit:
By קבוצת לואיס The Lewis Group - The National Library of Israel, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30219523

Mt. Silpius with ruins of the citadel, Antioch

a view of Mt. Silpius with ruins of the citadel, Antioch
Image Credit:
wikimedia: Vikiçizer

The Siege of Antioch (Detail of a medieval miniature from Sébastien Mamerot's Les Passages d'Outremer (1473–1474)

a 15th century miniature of the siege of Antioch
Image Credit:
wikimedia: Adam Bishop, copied from http://en.wikipedia.org/

A 12th century painting of crusader cannibalism

a painting showing crusader atrocities
Image Credit:
public domain: Les Croisades, Origines et consequences, by Claude Lebedel

A medieval siege tower or belfry (drawing by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, 1856)

a drawing of a medieval siege tower (belfry)
Image Credit:
wikimedia: public domain

A reconstructed trebuchet, Château de Castelnaud, Dordogne, France.

a reconstructed trebuchet
Image Credit:
wikimedia: Jebulon

Taking of the fortress of Maarat, by Henri Decaisne (1843) Chateau de Versailles: Les Collections

a painting of the attack on Marra
Image Credit:
Chateau de Versailles: Les Collections

The Siege of Nicaea, 1097 CE (map by Gabriel Moss)

map showing the siege of Nicaea
Image Credit:
MossMaps Cartography and Consulting

The march from Antioch to Jerusalem, 1099 CE (Map by Gabriel Moss)

map of the route from Antioch to Jerusalem
Image Credit:
MossMaps Cartography and Consulting

The thirst suffered by the first Crusaders (1852), by Alessandro Guardassoni (Bologna, Pinacoteca Nazionale, Inv. 645

19th century picture of crusaders suffering from thirst
Image Credit:
Public domain : Q1103550VIAF: 141530565ISNI: 0000000123243847ULAN: 500125188LCCN: n50052590NLA: 35111798WorldCat

The capture of Antioch

medieval illumination of the capture of Antioch
Image Credit:
By Unknown author - http://www.histoire-france.net/moyen/croisade/antioche.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21327491

The Capture of Antioch by Bohmond of Tarento, June 1098 (painting by L. Gaillat, 1840)

a painting with Bohemond capturing Antioch
Image Credit:
By L.Gallait - Painting by L.Gallait, 1840, "Croisades, origines et consequences", Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3111724

The Orontes River (now the Far) near Antioch (now Antakya)

the river near Antioch (modern Antakya)
Image Credit:
By Mohammad adil at en.wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17975571

3rd century graffito of a cataphract (clibanarius), from Dura-Europus (Yale University Art Gallery)

a graffito of a mounted armored warrior
Image Credit:
By Yale University Art Gallery - https://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/5206, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=113594191

a cataphract; Persian cavalryman in plate armor (6th century)

relief sculpture with Sassanian mounted cavalryman
Image Credit:
Wikimedia: Zereshk

The Siege of Nicaea: the Crusaders firing heads into the city (anonymous manuscript illumination, 13th century

manuscript illumination with crusaders firing Turkish heads into the city
Image Credit:
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26535077

The siege of Nicaea

manuscript illumination showing the siege of Nicaea
Image Credit:
By Anonymous - This file comes from Gallica Digital Library and is available under the digital ID btv1b10024631m/f71, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10966446

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); city walls

the Byzantine walls at Iznik
Image Credit:
By Carole Raddato from Frankfurt, Germany - Nicaea's Byzantine fortifications, Iznik, Turkey, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65156244

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); the Yenişehir Gate

A Byzantine gate at Nicaea (modern Iznik)
Image Credit:
Wikimedia Commons: Dosseman

Byzantine fortifications of Nicaea (modern Iznik); a tower in the city wall

the ruins of a tower in the Byzantine walls at Nicaea (Iznik)
Image Credit:
By Carole Raddato from Frankfurt, Germany - Nicaea's Byzantine fortifications, Iznik, Turkey, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=65156234

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

ruins of the fort called Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi)
Image Credit:
Marko Tjemmes

ruins (mostly later than 1096) of a Byzantine fort, probably Xerigordos (now Çobankalesi); photo courtesy of Marko Tjemmes

Iznik (ancient Nicaea) and Lake Iznik

a view of Lake Iznik, with the town of Iznik in the foreground
Image Credit:
By Arif miletli - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=107124312

a map showing the Vardar River (Axios in Greek), flowing through North Macedonia into Greece

a map showing the course of the Vardar (Axios) River
Image Credit:
Costas78

The Vardar River, near Nogaevci, North Macedonia (Bohemond would would probably have crossed further to the south)

the river Vardar
Image Credit:
By mk:Корисник:Македонец - mk:Слика:P1010145.JPG, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1723394

The Mausoleum of Bohemond, Conosa di Puglia, Italy

The mausoleum of Bohemond

Map of crusader routes

a map showing the main routes of the crusaders
Image Credit:
Original work: Captain Blood at de.wikipedia

Map (in French) of the main crusader routes

a map of the main crusader routes
Image Credit:
his file was derived from: Kreuzzug.jpg

A Norman knight in chain mail, at the Battle of Hastings (1066); from the Bayeux Tapestry (no. 53)

a mounted Norman warrior on the Bayeux Tapestry
Image Credit:
By 12th century unknown - Lucien Musset The Bayeux Tapestry 2005 Boydell Press ISBN 1-84383-163-5 p. 243, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27217819

The land walls of Constantinople, built by Theodosius II (408-450 CE)

The land walls of Constantinople
Image Credit:
Photograph taken in June 2006 in Istanbul by en:User:Bigdaddy1204

The People's Crusade at Xerigordo

Manuscript illumination with the People's Crusade as Xerigordo (manuscript illumination
Image Credit:
http://www.unf.edu/classes/crusades/image/BNF-massacreofpeterhermitsarmy-1490.jpg uploader was Stbalbach at en.wikipedia 2004-12-07

The Bosphorus (aerial view, looking south)

an aerial view of the Bosphorus, looking south toward the Sea of Marmara
Image Credit:
By Adbar - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29693841

Map of Constantinople, Sea of Marmara, Nicomedia

Map of Constantinople, Sea of Marmara, Nicomedia
Image Credit:
Cplakidas

map of the Via Egnatia (Via Militaris), the famous Roman road

a map of the Via Egnatia
Image Credit:
By Jarekadam - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=83704945

Peter the Hermit leading crusaders. Miniature from Egerton Manuscript (France, 14th c.)

Peter the Hermit in monk's clothing leading armed Frankish warriors
Date:
1321-1324
Image Credit:
Public domain

Pope Urban II preaching at the Council of Clermont in 1095

Pope Urban II preaching at the Council of Clermont
Agent:
Jean Columbe
Date:
c. 1474

Hannibal Surrounded

An older man, seated, puts his head in his hand, a younger man stands behind looking out a window
Agent:
Joelle Cicak
Date:
2013
Image Credit:
DCC
Subject:
Nepos, Hannibal drawings by Joelle Cicak

Hannibal's Ruse

Men in ancient Greek dress standing in front of a temple, in front of which are several storage jars
Agent:
Joelle Cicak
Date:
2013
Image Credit:
DCC
Subject:
Nepos, Hannibal drawings by Joelle Cicak

Hannibal's Oath

A boy kneels at a smoky altar, his father placing his hand on the boy's shoulder
Agent:
Joelle Cicak
Date:
2013
Image Credit:
DCC
Subject:
Nepos, Hannibal drawings by Joelle Cicak

Bronze Ballots

five metal discs, each with central protrusions and wrapped with a line of Greek lettering
Date:
4th C. BC.
Image Credit:
American School of Classical Studies at Athens

AGE Exercises 7.2

AGE Exercises 7.2

Europe and the Mediterranean Lands about 1097

map of Europe and the middle east
Agent:
William Robert Shepherd
Image Credit:
Wikimedia Commons
Subject:
Gesta Francorum