Perfects and Perfect Participles
The Quantity of Final Syllables is as follows:—
Monosyllables ending in a vowel are long: as,
mē
,
tū
,
hī
,
nē
.
-
The attached particles
-nĕ
,
-quĕ
,
-vĕ
,
-cĕ
,
-ptĕ
, and
rĕ-
(
rĕd-
) are short;
sē-
(
sēd-
) and
dī-
are long. Thus,
sēcēdit
,
sēditiō
,
exercitumquĕ rĕdūcit
,
dīmittō
. But
re-
is often long in
rēligiō
(
relligiō
),
rētulī
(
rettulī
),
rēpulī
(
reppulī
).
Nouns and adjectives of one syllable are long: as,
sōl
,
ōs
(
ōris
),
bōs
,
pār
,
vās
(
vāsis
),
vēr
,
vīs
.
Exceptions.
cŏr
,
fĕl
,
lăc
,
mĕl
,
ŏs
(
ossis
),
văs
(
vădis
),
vĭr
,
tŏt
,
quŏt
.
Most monosyllabic Particles are short: as,
ăn
,
ĭn
,
cĭs
,
nĕc
. But
crās
,
cūr
,
ēn
,
nōn
,
quīn
,
sīn
—with adverbs in
c
: as,
hīc
,
hūc
,
sīc
—are long.
Final
a
in words declined by cases is short, except in the ablative
sin
gular of the first declension; in all other words final
a
is long. Thus,
eă stellă
(nominative),
cum eā stellā
(ablative);
frūstrā
,
vocā
(imperative),
posteā
,
trīgintā
.
Exceptions.
ēiă
,
ită
,
quiă
,
pută
(
suppose
); and, in late use,
trīgintă
etc.
Final
e
is short: as in
nūbĕ
,
dūcitĕ
,
saepĕ
.
Exceptions.
—Final
e
is long—
-
In adverbs formed from adjectives of the first and second declension, with others of like form: as,
altē
,
longē
,
miserē
,
apertē
,
saepissimē
. So
ferē
,
fermē
.
But it is short in
benĕ
,
malĕ
;
īnfernĕ
,
supernĕ
.
-
In nouns of the fifth declension: as,
fidē
(also
famē
),
faciē
,
hodiē
,
quārē
(
quā rē
).
-
In Greek neuters plural of the second declension: as,
cētē
;
and in some other Greek words:
Phoebē
,
Circē
,
Andromachē
, etc.
-
In the imperative singular of the second conjugation:
as
,
vidē
.
But sometimes
cavĕ
,
habĕ
,
tacĕ
,
valĕ
,
vidĕ
(cf. §
629
.
b.
1).
Final
i
is long: as in
turrī
,
fīlī
,
audī
.
Exceptions.
—Final
i
is common in
mihi
,
tibi
,
sibi
,
ibi
,
ubi
;
and short in
nisĭ
,
quasĭ
,
sīcutĭ
,
cuĭ
(when making two syllables), and in Greek vocatives: as,
Alexĭ
.
Final
o
is common: but long in datives and ablatives; also in nouns of the third declension. It is almost invariably long in verbs before the time of Ovid.
Exceptions.
citŏ
,
modŏ
(
dummodŏ
),
immŏ
,
profectŏ
,
egŏ
,
duŏ
,
cedŏ
(the imperative); so sometimes
octŏ
,
īlicŏ
, etc., particularly in later writers.
Final
u
is long. Final
y
is short
Final
as
,
es
,
os
, are long; final
is
,
as
,
ys
, are short: as,
nefās
,
rūpēs
,
servōs
(accusative),
honōs
;
hostĭs
,
amīcŭs
,
Tethys
.
Exceptions.
—
-
as
is short in Greek plural accusatives: as,
lampadăs
;
and in
anăs
.
-
es
is short in the nominative of nouns of the third declension (lingual) having a short vowel in the stem
The quantity of the stem-vowel may be seen in the genitive singular.
: as,
mīlĕs
(
-ĭtis
),
obsĕs
(
-˘dis
),—except
abiēs
,
ariēs
,
pariēs
,
pēs
;
in the present of
esse
(
ĕs
,
adĕs
); in the preposition
penĕs
, and in the plural of Greek nouns: as,
hērōĕs
,
lampadĕs
.
-
os
is short in
compŏs
,
impŏs
;
in the Greek nominative ending: as,
barbitŏs
;
in the old nominative of the second declension: as,
servŏs
(later
servus
).
-
is
in plural cases is long: as in
bonīs
,
nōbīs
,
vōbīs
,
omnīs
(accusative plural).
-
is
is long in the verb forms
fīs
,
sīs
,
vīs
(with
quīvīs
etc.),
velīs
,
mālīs
,
nōlīs
,
edīs
;
in the second person singular of the present indicative active in the fourth conjugation: as,
audīs
;
and sometimes in the forms in
-eris
(future perfect indicative or perfect subjunctive).
-
us
is long in the genitive singular and nominative, accusative, and vocative plural of the fourth declension; and in nouns of the third declension having ū (long) in the stem: as,
virtūs
(
-ūtis
),
incūs
(
-¯dis
). But
pecŭs
,
-ŭdis
.
Of other final syllables, those ending in a single consonant are short Thus,
amăt
,
amātŭr
;
dōnĕc
,
făc
,
procŭl
,
iubăr
.
Exceptions.
hīc
(also
hĭc
);
allēc
; the ablatives
illōc
, etc.; certain adverbs in
-c
:
as
,
illīc
,
istūc
;
liēn
, and some Greek nouns: as,
āēr
,
aethēr
,
crātēr
.
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