593 Certain particles make more distinct the relation of
thought between the circumstantial participle and
the rest of the sentence.
- a. Ἅτε (less often οἷον, οἷα) shows that the participle is causal:
Ἐπὶ πολὺ ἦν τὰ ὑποζύγια, ἅτε διὰ στενῆς τῆς ὁδοῦ
πορευόμενα the baggage animals extended a long
away, because the road they were following was narrow.
AN. Iv. 2, 18.
- b. Καίπερ (also κα, though less distinctly) shows
that the participle is concessive:
Oὕς ἐγὼ μᾶλλον φοβοῦμαι ἢ τοὺς ἀμφὶ Ἄνυτον,
καίπερ ὄντας καὶ τούτους δεινούς whοm I fear
more than Anytos and his friends, although these also
are formidable. AP. 18 b.
- c. Ὡς with a participle is often rendered by as;
but the idiom has been extended far beyond what is
possible in English. In many cases ὡς implies that
the statement of the participle is the thought of some
one mentioned in the context; the translation must
vary with the situation:
Tὴν χώρᾱν ἐπέτρeψε διαρπάσαι τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ὡς
πολεμίᾱν οὖσαν he turned the land oυer to the Greeks
to plunder, as being hοstile. AN. I. 2, 19. συλλαμβάνει
Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν he arrested Cyrus, as intending to kill him. AN. I. 1, 3.
Ἔλεγε θαρρεῖν ὡς καταστησομένων τούτων
εἰς τὸ δέον he told him to have no fear, assuring him
that this would settle itself properly. AN. I. 3, 8. ἦλθον ἐπί τινα τῶν δοκούντων σοφῶν εἶναι, ὡς ἐνταῦθα
ἐλέγξων τὸ μαντεῖον I went to one of the men whο
seemed to be wise, thinking that there I shοuld test the
oracle. AP. 21 c. ἐκππτοντες παρʼ Ἀθηναίους ὡς βέβαιον ὄν ἀνεχώρουν when exiled they withdrew to the
Athenians, with the idea that it was safe there. T. I. 2.
- d. Ὥσπερ just as, even as (cp.
[216](file:///x:/Departments/Classics_Texts/schoolgrammarofa00goodrich_porson/HTML%20Files/Chapter-216.html)) is a strengthened ὡς,
but it often requires a different translation:
Ἄλλος ἀνέστη ἐπιδεικνς τὴν εὐήθειαν τοῦ τὰ πλοῖα αἱτεῖν κελεύοντος, ὥσπερ πάλιν τὸν στόλον Κρου ποιουμένου another arose,
pointing out the simplicity of the man who suggested asking for
boats, just as if Cyrus were making the expedition back again.
AN. I. 3, 16. κατακείμεθα ὥσπερ ἐξὸν ἡσυχίᾱν ἄγειν we are lying
here just as if it were possible to remain quiet. AN. II. 1, 14.