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        <title>Chapter 582</title> 
        <title level="m">Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar</title>
        <author>Dickinson College</author>
        <principal>Christopher Francese</principal>
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      <p>
        When the
        <term>verb of saying</term>
        etc. is
        <emph rend="ital">passive</emph>
        , the construction may be either Personal or Impersonal. But the Personal construction is more common and is regularly used in the tenses of incomplete action:—
        <list type="ordered">
          <item>
            <cit>
              <q>
                beātē vīxisse
                <emph>videor</emph>
              </q>
              <bibl n="Cic. Amic. 15" default="false">(Lael. 15)</bibl>
            </cit>
            ,
            <gloss>I seem to have lived happily.</gloss>
          </item>
          <item>
            <cit>
              <q>
                Epamīnōndās fidibus praeclārē cecinisse
                <emph>dīcitur</emph>
              </q>
              <bibl n="Cic. Tusc. 1.4" default="false">(Tusc. 1.4)</bibl>
            </cit>
            ,
            <gloss>
              Epaminondas is said to have played excellently on the lyre.
            </gloss>
          </item>
          <item>
            <cit>
              <q>
                multī idem factūrī esse
                <emph>dīcuntur</emph>
              </q>
              <bibl n="Cic. Fam. 16.12.4" default="false">(Fam. 16.12.4)</bibl>
            </cit>
            ,
            <gloss>
              many are said to be about to do the same thing.
            </gloss>
            [Active:
            <foreign>
              <emph>dīcunt multōs factūrōs</emph>
            </foreign>
            (
            <foreign>
              <emph>esse</emph>
            </foreign>
            ).]
          </item>
          <item>
            <cit>
              <q>
                prīmī
                <emph>trāduntur</emph>
                arte quādam verba vīnxisse
              </q>
              <bibl n="Cic. Orat. 40" default="false">(Or. 40)</bibl>
            </cit>
            ,
            <gloss>
              they first are related to have joined words with a certain skill.
            </gloss>
          </item>
          <item>
            <foreign>
              <foreign>
                Bibulus
                <emph>audiēbātur</emph>
                esse in Syriā
              </foreign>
              ;
            </foreign>
            (
            <bibl n="Cic. Att. 5.18" default="false">Att. 5.18</bibl>
            ),
            <gloss>it was heard that Bibulus was in Syria</gloss>
            (
            <foreign>Bibulus</foreign>
            was heard, etc.). [Direct:
            <foreign>
              <emph>Bibulus est</emph>
            </foreign>
            .]
          </item>
          <item>
            <cit>
              <q>
                cēterae Illyricī legiōnēs secūtūrae
                <emph>spērābantur</emph>
              </q>
              <bibl n="Tac. Hist. 2.74" default="false">(Tac. H. 2.74)</bibl>
            </cit>
            ,
            <gloss>
              the rest of the legions of Illyricum were expected to follow.
            </gloss>
          </item>
          <item>
            <cit>
              <q>
                <emph>vidēmur</emph>
                enim quiētūrī fuisse, nisi essēmus lacessītī
              </q>
              <bibl n="Cic. de Orat. 2.230" default="false">(De Or. 2.230)</bibl>
            </cit>
            ,
            <gloss>it seems that we should have kept quiet</gloss>
            ,
            <gloss>if we had not been molested</gloss>
            (we seem, etc.). [Direct:
            <foreign>
              <emph>quiēssēmus</emph>
              ...
              <emph>nisi essēmus lacessītī</emph>
              .
            </foreign>
            ]
          </item>
        </list>
        <note place="inline" n="1" rend="ag" anchored="true">
          The poets and later writers extend the personal use of the passive to verbs which are not properly
          <emph rend="ital">
            <foreign>verba sentiendī</foreign>
          </emph>
          etc.: as,—
          <foreign>
            <emph>colligor</emph>
            dominae placuisse
          </foreign>
          (Ov. Am. 2.6.61),
          <gloss>it is gathered</gloss>
          [from this memorial]
          <emph rend="ital">that I pleased my mistress.</emph>
        </note>
      </p>
      <milestone unit="smythsub" n="a"/>
      <p>
        In the compound tenses of
        <term>verbs of saying</term>
        etc., the impersonal construction is more common, and with the gerundive is regular:—
        <list type="ordered">
          <item>
            <cit>
              <q>
                <emph>trāditum est</emph>
                etiam Homērum caecum fuisse
              </q>
              <bibl n="Cic. Tusc. 5.114" default="false">(Tusc. 5.114)</bibl>
            </cit>
            ,
            <gloss>it is a tradition</gloss>
            ,
            <gloss>too</gloss>
            ,
            <gloss>that Homer was blind.</gloss>
          </item>
          <item>
            <cit>
              <q>
                ubi tyrannus est, ibi nōn vitiōsam, sed
                <emph>dīcendum est</emph>
                plānē nūllam esse rem pūblicam
              </q>
              <bibl n="Cic. Rab. Post. 3.43" default="false">(Rep. 3.43)</bibl>
            </cit>
            ,
            <gloss>
              where there is a tyrant, it must be said, not that the commonwealth is evil, but that it does not exist at all.
            </gloss>
          </item>
        </list>
        <note place="inline" n="1" rend="ag" anchored="true">
          An indirect narrative begun in the personal construction may be continued with the Infinitive and Accusative (as
          <bibl n="Cic. de Orat. 2.299" default="false">De Or. 2.299</bibl>
          ;
          <bibl n="Liv. 5.41.9" default="false">Liv. 5.41.9</bibl>
          ).
        </note>
      </p>
        
      
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