The Ablative of the Gerund and Gerundive is used (1) to express manner , In this use the ablative of the gerund is, in later writers nearly, and in mediæval writers entirely, equivalent to a present participle: as,— cum ūnā diērum FLENDŌ sēdisset , quīdam mīles generōsus iūxtā eam EQUITANDŌ vēnit (Gesta Romanorum , 66 [58]), as one day she sat weeping , a certain knight came riding by (compare § 507 , fourth example). Hence come the Italian and Spanish forms of the present participle (as mandando , esperando ), the true participial form becoming an adjective in those languages. means , cause , etc.; (2) after Comparatives; and (3) after the propositions ab , dē , ex , in , and (rarely) prō :— (1) multa pollicendō persuādet (Iug. 46) , he persuades by large promises. Latīnē loquendō cuivīs pār (Brut. 128) , equal to any man in speaking Latin. hīs ipsīs legendīs (Cat. M. 21) , by reading these very things. obscūram atque humilem conciendō ad sē multitūdinem (Liv. 1.8) , calling to them a mean and obscure multitude. (2) nūllum officium referendā grātiā magis necessārium est (Off. 1.47) , no duty is more important than repaying favors. (3) in rē gerendā versārī (Cat. M. 17) , to be employed in conducting affairs. The Ablative of the Gerund and Gerundive is also very rarely used with verbs and adjectives: as, —nec continuandō abstitit magistrātū (Liv. 9.34) , he did not desist from continuing his magistracy. The ablative of the gerund rarely takes a direct object in classic prose.

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