Chapter 493 Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar Dickinson College Christopher Francese

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The Latin has no Perfect Participle in the active voice. The deficiency is supplied—

In deponents by the perfect passive form with its regular active meaning:— nam singulās [nāvīs] nostrī cōnsectātī expūgnāvērunt (B. G. 3.15) , for our men , having overtaken them one by one, captured them by boarding. The perfect participle of several deponent verbs may be either active or passive in meaning (§ 190 . b ). In other verbs, either by the perfect passive participle in the ablative absolute (§ 420 . N.) or by a temporal clause (especially with cum or postquam ):— itaque convocātīs centuriōnibus mīlitēs certiōrēs facit (B. G. 3.5) , and so , having called the centurions together, he informs the soldiers (the centurions having been called together). cum vēnisset animadvertit collem ( id . 7.44), having come (when he had come), he noticed a hill. postquam id animum advertit cōpiās suās Caesar in proximum collem subdūcit (B. G. 1.24) , having observed this (after he had observed this) Cæsar led his troops to the nearest hill.

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