Under the name Ablative are included the meanings and, in part, the forms of three cases,—the Ablative proper, expressing the relation FROM; the Locative, IN; and the Instrumental, WITH or BY. These three cases were originally not wholly distinct in meaning, and their confusion was rendered more certain (1) by the development of meanings that approached each other and (2) by phonetic decay, by means of which these cases have become largely identical in form. Compare, for the first, the phrases
ā parte dexterā
, ON
the right;
quam ob causam
, FROM
which cause;
ad fāmam
, AT (in consequence of)
the report;
and, for the second, the like forms of the dative and ablative plural, the old dative in
-ē
of the fifth declension (§
96
), and the loss of the original
-d
of the ablative (§
49
.
e;
cf. §§
43
. N.1, 92.
f
, 214.
a.
N.).
The relation of FROM includes
separation
,
source
,
cause
,
agent
, and
comparison;
that of WITH or
BY
,
accompaniment
,
instrument
,
means
,
manner
,
quality
, and
price;
that of IN or
AT
,
place
,
time
,
circumstance.
This classification according to the original cases (to which, however, too great a degree of certainty should not be attached)
Thus the Ablative of Cause may be, at least in part, of Instrumental origin, and the Ablative Absolute appears to combine the Instrumental and the Locative.
is set forth in the following table:—
|
I. Ablative Proper
(
from
） (
Separative
):
|
1. Of Separation, Privation, and Want (§
400
).
|
|
2. Of Source (participles of origin etc.) (§
403
).
|
|
3. Of Cause (
labōrō
,
exsiliō
, etc.) (§
404
).
|
|
4. Of Agent (with
ab
after Passives) (§
405
).
|
|
5. Of Comparison (THAN) (§
406
).
|
|
II. Instrumental Ablative
(
with
):
|
1. Of Manner, Means, and Instrument (§
408
ff.).
|
|
2. Of Object of the Deponents
ūtor
etc. (§
410
).
|
|
3. Of Accompaniment (with
cum
) (§
413
).
|
|
4. Of Degree of Difference (§
414
).
|
|
5. Of Quality (with Adjectives) (§
415
).
|
|
6. Of Price and Exchange (§
416
).
|
|
7. Of Specification (§
418
).
|
|
8. Ablative Absolute (§
419
).
|
|
III. Locative Ablative
(
in
,
on
,
at
):
|
1. Of Place
where
(commonly with in) (§
421
).
|
|
2. Of Time and Circumstance (§
423
).
|
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