Many syntactic compounds are formed by prefixing a Particle to some other part of speech.
Prepositions are often prefixed to Verbs. In these compounds the prepositions retain their original adverbial sense:—
-
ā
,
ab
, AWAY:
ā-mittere
,
to send away.
-
ad
, TO, TOWARDS:
af-ferre
(
ad-ferō
),
to bring.
-
ante
, BEFORE:
ante-ferre
,
to prefer;
ante-cellere
,
to excel.
-
circum
, AROUND:
circum-mūnīre
,
to fortify completely.
-
com-
,
con-
(
cum
), TOGETHER or FORCIBLY:
cōn-ferre
,
to bring together;
collocāre
,
to set firm.
-
dē
, DOWN, UTTERLY:
dē-spicere
,
despise;
dē-struere
,
destroy.
-
ē
,
ex
, OUT:
ef-ferre
(
ec-ferō
),
to carry forth, uplift.
-
in
(with verbs), IN, ON, AGAINST:
īn-ferre
,
to bear against.
-
inter
, BETWEEN, TO PIECES:
inter-rumpere
,
to interrupt.
-
ob
, TOWARDS, TO MEET:
of-ferre
,
to offer;
ob-venīre
,
to meet.
-
sub
, UNDER, UP FROM UNDER:
sub-struere
,
to build beneath;
sub-dūcere
,
to lead up
-
super
, UPON, OVER AND ABOVE:
super-fluere
,
to overflow.
In such compounds, however, the prepositions sometimes have their crdinary force as prepositions, especially
ad
,
in
,
circum
,
trāns
, and govern the case of a noun: as,
trānsīre flūmen
,
to cross a river
(see §
388
.
b
).
Short
a
of the root is weakened to
i
before one consonant, to
e
before two: as,
faciō
,
cōnficiō
,
cōnfectus
;
iaciō
,
ēiciō
,
ēiectus
. But long
a
is retained: as,
perāctus
.
VERBS are also compounded with the following
inseparable particles
, which do not appear as prepositions in Latin:—
-
amb-
(
am-
,
an-
), AROUND:
amb-īre
,
to go about
(cf.
ἀμφί
,
about
).
-
dis-
,
dī-
, ASUNDER, APART:
dis-cēdere
,
to depart
(cf.
duo
,
two
);
dī-vidĕre
,
to divide.
-
por-
, FORWARD:
por-tendere
,
to hold forth, predict
(cf.
porrō
,
forth
).
-
red-
,
re-
, BACK, AGAIN:
red-īre
,
to return;
re-clūdere
,
to open
(from
claudō
,
shut
);
re-ficere
,
to repair
(make again).
-
sēd-
,
sē-
, APART:
sē-cernō
,
to separate;
cf.
sēd-itiō
,
a going apart, secession
(
eō
,
īre
,
to go
).
Many Verbals are found compounded with a preposition, like the verbs to which they correspond:—
-
per-fuga
,
deserter;
cf.
per-fugiō
.
-
trā-dux
,
vine-branch;
cf.
trā-dūcō
(
trāns-dūcō
).
-
ad-vena
,
stranger;
cf.
ad-veniō
.
-
con-iux
(
con-iūnx
),
spouse;
cf.
con-iungō
.
-
in-dex
,
pointer out;
cf.
in-dīcō
.
-
prae-ses
,
guardian;
cf.
prae-sideō
.
-
com-bibō
,
boon companion;
cf.
com-bibō
,
-ĕre
.
An Adjective is sometimes modified by an adverbial prefix.
-
Of these,
per-
(less commonly
prae-
),
very;
sub-
,
somewhat;
in-
,
not
, ar regular, and are very freely prefixed to adjectives:—
|
per-māgnus
,
very large.
|
in-nocuus
,
harmless.
|
|
per-paucī
,
very few.
|
in-imīcus
,
unfriendly.
|
|
sub-rūsticus
,
rather clownish.
|
īn-sānus
,
insane.
|
|
sub-fuscus
,
darkish.
|
īn-fīnītus
,
boundless.
|
|
prae-longus
,
very long.
|
im-pūrus
,
impure.
|
Per
and
sub
, in these senses, are also prefixed to verbs: as,
per-terreō
,
terrify;
sub-rīdeō
,
smile.
In
īgnōscō
,
pardon
,
in-
appears to be the negative prefix.
-
The negative
in-
sometimes appears in combination with an adjective that does not occur alone:—
-
in-ermis
,
unarmed
(cf.
arma
,
arms
).
-
im-bellis
,
unwarlike
(cf.
bellum
,
war
).
-
im-pūnis
,
without punishment
(cf.
poena
,
punishment
).
-
in-teger
,
untouched
,
whole
(cf.
tangō
,
to touch
, root TAG).
-
in-vītus
,
unwilling
(probably from root seen in
vī-s
,
thou wishest
).
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