Chapter 158 Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar Dickinson College Christopher Francese

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The Participles are used as follows:—

The Present Participle (ending in -ns ) has commonly the same meaning and use as the English participle in - ing ; as, vocāns , calling; legentēs , reading. (For its inflection, see egēns , § 118 .)

The Future Participle (ending in -ūrus ) is oftenest used to express what is likely or about to happen: as, rēctūrus , about to rule; audītūrus , about to hear. With the tenses of esse , to be , it forms the First Periphrastic Conjugation (see § 195 ): as, urbs est cāsūra , the city is about to fall; mānsūrus eram , I was going to stay.

The Perfect Participle (ending in -tus , -sus ) has two uses:—

It is sometimes equivalent to the English perfect passive participle: as, tēctus , sheltered; acceptus , accepted; ictus , having been struck; and often has simply an adjective meaning: as, acceptus , acceptable. It is used with the verb to be ( esse ) to form certain tenses of the passive: as, vocātus est , he was ( has been ) called. There is no Perfect Active or Present Passive Participle in Latin. For substitutes see §§ 492 , 493.

The Gerundive (ending in -ndus ), has two uses:—

It is often used as an adjective implying obligation, necessity, or propriety ( ought or must ): as, audiendus est , he must be heard. When thus used with the tenses of the verb to be ( esse ) it forms the Second Periphrastic Conjugation: dēligendus erat , he ought to have been chosen (§ 196 ). In the oblique cases the Gerundive commonly has the same meaning as the Gerund (cf. § 159 . a ), though its construction is different. (For examples, see § 503 ff.)

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